... to move Russia out of their older regime. Catherine was attracted to the French Enlightenment, keeping herself connected with great French minds like Voltaire and Montesquieu. Voltaire summed Catherine up in two words calling her a "benevolent despot," meaning an absolutist monarch molded by the philosophies of ... 19th century. Her "Instructions for the Legislative Commission" in 1767 seemed to mirror the works of French thinker Montesquieu. She and the Russian people closely watched the events in of the French Revolution and celebrated when news was heard of the fall of the Bastille. C...

• Word Count: 2847
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of it. On 14 of October 1964 Khruschev was freed from his duties as the Communist Party Secretary General by the Politburo and the thaw was over. This state of affairs affected Solzhenitsyn's status immediately: in late 1964 all his works including the manuscript of The First Circle were seized by the KGB. Solzhenitsyn began protesting right away. In 1967 he wrote ... he was expelled from the Writer's Union which meant losing even the formal status of a Soviet writer. Western writers and Soviet dissidents publicly protested his expulsion from the Writer's Union and the banning of his bo...

• Word Count: 4394
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... people. To be sure, the move toward economic reform came about as a result of a "changed domestic and international environment, which altered the leadership's perception of the factors that affect China's national security and social stability" (Xu 247). But Shirk feels that, in those pre-Tienenmen days, such a move came about also as a result of an attempt by CCP leaders to demonstrate, in a more ... to question China's sincerity in its desire to have a favored trade status with the United States. Indeed, just in the past few days, it took a last-minute lobbying campaign by President ...

• Word Count: 6375
• Approx Pages: 26
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , Lenin recognized Georgia's independence in April of 1920. Stalin, however, urged Lenin to attack Georgia, which Lenin finally did on February 15, 1921. The country was conquered in just ten days, and Stalin argued that all non-Bolsheviks should be ruthlessly oppressed. Thus ended the final chapter in the Civil War ... as well as political figures became victims of the Great Terror of the 1930s. During the war against Nazi Germany, artists were permitted to infuse their works with patriotism and to direct them against the enemy. The victory in 1945, however, brought a return to repressi...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , urged Lenin to attack Georgia, which Lenin finally did on February 15, 1921. The country was conquered in just ten days, and Stalin argued that all non-Bolsheviks should be ruthlessly oppressed. Thus ended the final chapter in the Civil War, and the final military operations in which Stalin played a part until WWII. Stalin was appointed by Lenin to the position of General ... as well as political figures became victims of the Great Terror of the 1930s. During the war against Nazi Germany, artists were permitted to infuse their works with patriotism and to direct them against the enemy....

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... strategically benefit to the Poles but the important result for Russian Tsardom was an exchange of prisoners included Tsar's father Philaret. Ten days after arriving Philaret to Moscow, he submitted to be enthroned as Patriarch by Theophanes, Patriarch of Jerusalem, and the prelates of the Russian Church. He and Michael ruled the Tsardom together till his death in 1633. While the ruling, Philaret ... to create a regular army, Michael invited foreign mercenaries to teach Russian fighting men European methods of warfare. Where made update in weapons and uniforms of solders. Michael laid the...

• Word Count: 1674
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Industrial Revolution The industrial revolution swept through the Russian empire in the late 19th century where the country developed and implemented iron works and factories, including all the elements that the industrial society does exhibit today. Even so, the industrial revolution did not come in uniformly ... autocratic emperor. This was indeed a step backwards instead of forward, in the sense that he was using a medieval system instead of modernizing Russia and so the revolutionaries, more than ever, sought reform from their emperor. The discontent nature that Nicholas II had cause...

• Word Count: 3845
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate