... rouble, and the resulting Russian financial crisis. The war in Donbass caused a coal shortage in Ukraine, as the Donbass region had been the chief source of coal for power stations across the country. Furthermore, Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Station was forced to shut down one of its reactors after an accident. The combination of these two problems led to rolling blackouts ... across Ukraine during December 2014. Proposed new pipeline to Turkey, with an annual capacity around 63 billion cubic metres (bcm), will carry natural gas to Europe completely bypassing Ukraine as a traditional...

• Word Count: 1170
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Graduate

... of her action may be immense. We hope they will. She has acted essentially in the cause of peace. For peace to have a chance, there must first be a Europe. Nearly five years to the day after the unconditional surrender of Germany, France is now taking the first decisive step towards the construction of Europe and is associating Germany in this venture ... a good structure for securing peace and desirable for the EU. In 1999 there were a number of important changes introduced when the Amsterdam Treaty (March 1992) came into force, stating categorically five fundamental points; first is t...

• Word Count: 2876
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... of the member states. MERCOSUR initially targeted free-trade zones, then customs unification and, finally, a common market, where in addition to customs unification the free movement of manpower and capital across the member nations' international frontiers is possible, and depends on equal rights and duties being granted to all signatory countries. During the transition period, as a result of the chronological differences ... ...

• Word Count: 1172
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Graduate

... a positive anti-corruption strategy. When looking at their one's own policies and procedures concerning the disclosure of finances, they should refer back to what so many others are doing all across the world. ...

• Word Count: 642
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... that the assessment of completion of the adjustment should take into account the business cycle and therefore the cyclically- adjusted (or structural) budgetary position. As is well known, despite the five convergence criteria included in the Maastricht criteria, the main emphasis for EMU membership was placed on the budget deficit criteriona of 3 percent of GDP, partly because of the softening of ... ...

• Word Count: 1678
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Graduate

... does not function effectively as a democratic or representative body is futile without addressing the issue of how the Commissioners legitimise their positions. The failings are ironic if we consider the five political principles that underpin the Commission's work on governance: openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence. The Council, which is often perceived as the main decision making body within the EU ... ...

• Word Count: 1824
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Graduate