Today, black defendants serve as much time in federal prison for drug offenses as white defendants serve for violent offenses-a result largely attributed to biases in federal statutory penalties for offenses involving crack versus powder cocaine (Mauer and King, 2007a). ... He concluded that, in light of the prejudice against blacks and foreign born within the society at large, "it would be denying to the judge the ordinary attributes of human nature to assume that he could render justice free from all preconceptions" (ibid.). ...

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