... and cultural analysis. Escobar concluded his article recognizing that for post-development to be a socially effective tool depends on how we assess the current state of modernity. He posits that we are moving beyond the paradigm of modernity, both epistemologically and socially. Therefore, there is a need to move beyond the antiquated thinking in terms of the Euro- ... the realm of critique, which does nothing to actually change the current status quo of development. Moreover, by focusing on the local and community level and putting this ideal on a pedestal, post-development can result in...

• Word Count: 3546
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Graduate

... do work that was once done by humans. The result is increased layoffs as employers aim to become more productive and cost-efficient and thus labour is comparatively more expensive and more likely less productive (Rifkin, 1995). The commodification of labour, makes it much easier for employers to lay off workers as the cost-benefit analysis of hiring employees versus getting new technology ... for work previously done by labour is important for thriving in competitive market-based economies. Globally, there have been mass layoffs ... within big and small businesses due to downsizing and...

• Word Count: 1246
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... Acts, as sometimes necessary national economic weapons in the existing state of the world. Smith identified self-interest as the basic economic force and, through his analysis of the division of labor and his comprehensive study of the development of economic institutions in the West, established economics as a major area of study. The Division of labor is the specialization of the functions and roles involved in production. Among the different categories of division of labor are territorial, in which certain geographical ... regions specialize in producing certain products, exchanging ...

• Word Count: 451
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... in economic development. North analysis implicitly recognises the fact that something is inherently wrong in the developing world institutions as all the negative features of institutions have been well-entrenched with Path Dependence towards economically ineffective lock-in effects. This paper attempts to postulate on why this is so. It critiques the colonial capitalist institution that imposes alien formal constraints in the background of sustainable indigenous informal institutions ... (socially optimal) needs of the institutional structure. The evolution of a more feasible instituti...

• Word Count: 1646
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... buried again so it would rest, however the character-narrator of the tale informed the ghost that the statue laying in the museum next door was a counterfeit and that the genuine one was in Albany, NY. That caused a huge disappointment and a feeling of humiliation on the ghost that slowly went away with its forsaken soul. By knowing historically that some men took advantage of the giant's image to make money over a ... naive middle class at the time by charging them a ... certain amount in order to see the statue, we can relate it to the tale and notice the critic Twain is trying to mak...

• Word Count: 368
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Graduate

... certain events and heroes elevated into national icons by nationalists. Smith describes this as the first step to nationalism, which is followed by the politicisation of the culture and purification of the community. At this point, intellectuals can use the symbols of their ethno-histories and transform them by "retrospective nationalism." This politicisation is accompanied by purification in the form of the jettison of all "alien cultural traits." The hardening of attitudes to foreign elements and ethnic minorities ... a historical past. He does also highlight the uneven nature of nati...

• Word Count: 3295
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Graduate

... allocating scarce resources to where they are most economically productive, and it is the consumer demand that drives the allocation to the manufacturing of products and to the provision of services. Competition, which arises from the potential of the vast market, provides the incentive to supply goods and services as cheaply as possible and therefore use resources ... as efficiently as possible. Thus, while satisfying one of the vital human instincts to compete, capitalism also creates an economically stable environment by satisfying the consumer demands, keeping the ... economic system...

• Word Count: 677
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Graduate

... skilled workers, and more highly trained technical or business personnel tend to be overwhelmingly Protestant." (Weber in Calhoun 2012:291) He observed that this phenomena is somewhat explainable by historical circumstances- in the 16th century, "a large number of the richest and most economically developed areas" converted to Protestantism. (Weber in Calhoun 2012:292) Although, historical reasoning does not fully account for ... . This asceticism that Catholics practiced, Weber inferred, is why they are less involved in the industry- in order to reach the ideal, Catholics practice being...

• Word Count: 660
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Graduate

... to the wellbeing of the society with out being profitable (public works and institutions). Smith starts his discussion on the duties of the State by saying, "The first duty of the sovereign, that of protecting the society from the violence and invasion of other independent societies, can be performed only by means of a military force." (Heilbroner, p290). After establishing the precedence of this duty over the others that follow Smith discusses the varying expense of this duty in both times of war ... and peace depending on the "different states of society" (Heilbroner, p290) and pointi...

• Word Count: 1236
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... rife to him, given that '64% of executives of the l00 largest British companies bore that significant hallmark of the upper classes, namely that they attended public schools' (Miliband p35). This, he claimed, proved the existence of the 'dominant class' as a social phenomenon and the inaccessibility of those of a working class background to the higher echelons of society. Seeing as fee paying schools are, by their very nature, accessible to only a small ... portion of the population through their fees and the family connections required to attend, they are merely another socia...

• Word Count: 2635
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... , a system of economics based on the control of production by forces of popular appeal and buying capacity, in which the flow of revenue from such sale would be a cyclical process of profit and reinvestment (In otherwords, a breakdown of capitalism). Although some of the altruistic forces Smith mentioned soon became problems to the extent that government intervention was the only way out, his philosophy is still very relevant today as the first comprehensive analysis of the most successful ... the market, consumers would have the choice to purchase among a variety of the same kind of goo...

• Word Count: 575
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... an opportunity for man to transform from a stratified society to an egalitarian one, Nietzsche may criticize Marx's use of empirical analysis when establishing the historic relationship between economic structure and class conflicts. Such an analysis is incompatible with Nietzsche's belief in forgetting history because it eliminates the qualitative and progressive differences between history and modernity. Instead Nietzsche believes history is a threat to modern man's happiness ... allows an external power to dictate man's life (Marx, 267). This ideology flourishes in a capitalistic soc...

• Word Count: 1000
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

... is likely that younger generations will be without any sense of what was attempted in the past by way of the Welfare State. These experiments in Canada can be seen as having been relatively brief although they did provide a basic safety net for thousands of marginal citizens. (Kudrle & Marmor, 1981) The return to cut-and-dried financial analysis and very much more growth-oriented economic thinking has let ... earlier attempts to buffer weaker sections of society from market forces to ... ...

• Word Count: 3222
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... that often remains asked is whether these problems are truly the legacy of colonialism and the perpetual neo-colonial exploitation of Africa's resources, or the persistent failings of the country's leaders. One must acknowledge the damage that African leaders have inflicted upon their own continent. Colonialism has interrupted Africa's course, but this has been exacerbated by a culture of irresponsible leadership that believes in using political power to amass wealth and ... to build rich empires while the generality of the people bear the brunt of poverty. African leaders continue to r...

• Word Count: 917
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

... that often remains asked is whether these problems are truly the legacy of colonialism and the perpetual neo-colonial exploitation of Africa's resources, or the persistent failings of the country's leaders. One must acknowledge the damage that African leaders have inflicted upon their own continent. Colonialism has interrupted Africa's course, but this has been exacerbated by a culture of irresponsible leadership that believes in using political power to amass wealth and ... to build rich empires while the generality of the people bear the brunt of poverty. African leaders continue to r...

• Word Count: 917
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

... events illustrate how "globalized the international economy had become" (Malcolm, 2001, 88) that reflects the idea of globalization which is " a relatively complete phenomenon in that it connects the economies of the entire planet demonstrates the connection of the global to the local it confirms that globalization is by no means a finished process - the crisis is solved by the IMF loans and regulations dominated by the US government with the IMF working closely with the US treasury" (Malcolm, 2001 ... , 89), the US being the prime shareholder in IMF. The stringent conditions imposed by ...

• Word Count: 506
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... key classes are "bourgeoisie" (the owners and controllers) and the "proletariat" (the labour force), though he did recognise that actual society was composed of a multiplicity of classes. Crompton (1998) gives the example of him identifying numerous class such as the industrial and petty bourgeoisie, financiers and "lumpenproletariat" in his account of "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte" (1962). However, Marx goes further than explaining the concept of class by ownership and non-ownership, using ... the term "class" for both analytical and historical concepts (Crompton, 1998 .....

• Word Count: 840
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... , an individualist, Andrew Carnegie, saw private property as a means for maintaining social order. Carnegie showed that, "private property was a natural element of social order, obtained by industry and thrift and demonstrating the moral superiority of its possessor," (81). While the contrast between individualists and socialists is strong on this single issue, it is not limited to entitlement to profit. Another distinction between individualist ... socialist theories, human nature is inherently cooperative leading to the greatest social benefit from production owned in common. It was Ow...

• Word Count: 1068
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... democracy is being weakened just because liberal democracies have shifted their views slightly to the right in terms of what kind of equality they offer to their citizens. A shift in some of the values that liberal democracy represents does not mean it is being contradicted by capitalism, quite the contrary, this signals that the definition of what makes a liberal democracy is evolving just like numerous other concepts and ideologies ... and liberal democracy form such an effective relationship. A capitalist economy supports liberal democracy by promoting it on a global scale. The artic...

• Word Count: 1285
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... who succeeded, since if you use the analogy put forward by Darwin "the survival of the fittest", these people on top are the fittest, but what about those who do not succeed to a adequate level of living, and are disillusioned by the selfish forces that drive society, since they bare the burden of not being the most intellectually gifted members of society, and feel hard done by since they feel it is hardly something ... some members do turn to crime, also it should be noted that the main stream culture which is optimised by the mass media, which in Marxist terms is a tool of the ruling...

• Word Count: 1725
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Graduate

... political pressure for change. Our primary interest is the political economy of the developing world, but developing countries have often been forced to respond to changes created elsewhere. A Short History of Globalization from a Western Perspective The nineteenth century was an era of unsurpassed economic expansion, partly driven by the invention of steamships and the railways, partly by political systems that were dominated by the middle classes and provided few opportunities for poorer workers ... insulate countries from it. The new agenda is largely one of facilitating the operatio...

• Word Count: 7309
• Approx Pages: 29
• Grade Level: Graduate