Thereafter, Yanukovych signed a treaty and multi-billion dollar loan with Russia instead, which sparked civil unrest in Kiev that ultimately led to violent clashes as law enforcement troops cracked down on protesters. ... The foreign investments came from the International Monetary Fund in the form of loans amounting to more than $18 billion contingent upon Ukraine adopting reforms in almost all aspects of society,[39] including a raise in domestic gas-supply price to the global price. ... Russia opposes the "annexation" label, with Putin defending the referendum saying it complied wit...

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• Grade Level: Graduate