Article Reviews As editor of the book, "Exploring Post-Development," Aram Ziai provides an introductory look at the discussions of post-development theory, taking a cursory look at the various arguments for, or against, post-development. Ziai expertly delivers an overview of the post-development movement, having arisen in the 1980s as a response to the dissatisfaction with the concept and practice of "development" already in place. Ziai more ... alternatives to development via grassroots, local and regional movements. Alongside support for post-development theory, Ziai also provides the criti...

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... technical or business personnel tend to be overwhelmingly Protestant." (Weber in Calhoun 2012:291) He observed that this phenomena is somewhat explainable by historical circumstances- in the 16th century, "a large number of the richest and most economically developed areas" converted to Protestantism. (Weber in Calhoun 2012:292) Although, historical reasoning does not fully account for ... capitalists- and skilled workers. Weber then brings to light certain attributes of the Catholic faith that may have caused the lack of Catholic representation among the haves. He found that Catholics p...

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... capitalism excels in allocating scarce resources to where they are most economically productive, and it is the consumer demand that drives the allocation to the manufacturing of products and to the provision of services. Competition, which arises from the potential of the vast market, provides the incentive to supply goods and services as cheaply as possible and therefore use resources as efficiently ... resources and products, each side benefiting by receiving a needed component. As import products become available in free trade, their prices domestically could be lowered domestically. ...

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... it would be influential enough to make people die for it. It would thus seem that Anderson's approach, whilst interesting and perhaps holding some truth, needs to be supplemented with the emotional and effective dimension of nationalism and an account of factors other than shared language. It is also possible to argue that peripheral nations with high illiteracy and an inability ... to understand the common language of the state are more likely to keep alive their indigenous culture and language, and could, as a result form a stronger sense of national consciousness and identity through...

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... Europe, as Smith viewed government granted monopolies and restrictive trade as only being harmful for the economies of the nations that practiced them. Smith recognized the importance of the state providing security and protection from the outside as well as from those on the inside but also let the role of the state deepen by stating that it should be responsible for undertaking ventures that would benefit or ... even be necessary to the wellbeing of the society with out being profitable (public works and institutions). Smith starts his discussion on the duties of the State by saying, ...

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... Smith mentioned soon became problems to the extent that government intervention was the only way out, his philosophy is still very relevant today as the first comprehensive analysis of the most successful economic system up-to-date, affecting the writing of all economic thinkers following him, most notably Marx and other socialist intellectuals. Smith's philosophy, as described in his book entitled Wealth of Nations (1776), is ... fairly straight forward to understand, yet has very powerful analyses of the capitalistic system of even today. His first premise was that increase in economi...

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... comparative advantage. To achieve a cheap mass production of raw materials in India (particularly the Punjab) feudal relations were intensified with production for the world market. The feudal regime increased the servile exactions on the peasantry as the growing demands of the world market stimulated maximization of surplus. In fact in the 1960's the Pakistani establishment followed the concept of Functional Inequality. This introduced further inequality and surplus production without any ... that capitalism remains unsustainable with society being caught in half-baked modernisation (t...

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... footsteps and his blanket pulled out while he was tucked in his bed trembling and scared to death of these strange phenomenons. Then the responsible for all that haunting showed up, it was who claimed to be the ghost of the Cardiff Giant statue, what caused a big relief on him for, in his words, "a child might know that no harm could come with ... with some others ghost pals and in this museum was where laid the giant statue for visitors to watch and the ghost wanted it to be buried again so it would rest, however the character-narrator of the tale informed the ghost that the statue lay...

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... any points of agreement between Nietzsche and Marx? Response Both Friedrich Nietzsche and Karl Marx are considered to be philosophers of suspicion, despite the several differences between the two. Both intellectuals question and challenge the external forces that have historically steered the development of humanity. While Marx's approaches his sociological, political, and economic framework from a materialist perspective, Nietzsche presents his philosophies on ... should not be depicted by empirical analyses, but rather as a phenomenon that is critically dissected and evolved. Ultimatel...

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... maintaining social order. Carnegie showed that, "private property was a natural element of social order, obtained by industry and thrift and demonstrating the moral superiority of its possessor," (81). While the contrast between individualists and socialists is strong on this single issue, it is not limited to entitlement to profit. Another distinction between individualist ... very idea of government intervention into social welfare is reflected heavily in American government today. Yet, Marx saw how, "parliamentary democracy could provide the appearance of popular participation even wh...

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... were largely uncompetitive and isolated to recent globalist markets that are seen as being highly competitive and central to everyday social life. The natures of markets prior to the industrial revolution and the emergence of the capitalist economy where markets in which market prices were determined more by adherence to social, religious and political normative forces than forces ... balance in response to this this free – market liberalism system. He states this is societal reaction spontaneously arises as a form of self-preservation and regulation to counteract the negative consequ...

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... own gain. Unfortunately, for Branco his underlying argument that capitalism leads to corruption is easily refuted because liberal democracies simply create laws to prevent this type of corruption and since the rule of law applies to all citizens these people are held accountable for any laws they break in spite of how much wealth or power they may have. Branco's ... in a liberal democracy where consumer rights are protected using laws that are applicable to all. These laws and rules are a necessary ingredient for capitalism in order to produce goods in the most effective and cost efficie...

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... prematurely upon Africa, and which has relegated the African economies to a peripheral third-world status within the world economy. The most notable legacy of colonialism has been the integration of socialist-type colonies into the global capitalist economy. The main force keeping economies in the global system and sustaining imperialism is the market itself. For the wealthy in Africa, the market is a wonderful benefit, offering ... companies, not including multinational corporations. As long as African states are incapable of manufacturing raw goods, it would be very difficult to diseng...

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... prematurely upon Africa, and which has relegated the African economies to a peripheral third-world status within the world economy. The most notable legacy of colonialism has been the integration of socialist-type colonies into the global capitalist economy. The main force keeping economies in the global system and sustaining imperialism is the market itself. For the wealthy in Africa, the market is a wonderful benefit, offering ... companies, not including multinational corporations. As long as African states are incapable of manufacturing raw goods, it would be very difficult to diseng...

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... large scale international monetary aid and must develop an endurable economic plan in order to take proper fiscal and monetary measures to come out of the recession and the economic quagmire it has entrapped itself in. The IMF and US have set a number of conditions in order to enable Argentina to qualify for such international loans such as overhauling its tax ... system, fixing the problem of provincial overspending, letting the peso float freely in the international market, adopting anti-inflationary monetary policy, a plan for lifting a freeze on foreign financial transactions, a conc...

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... in France met some of the physiocrats, and began to write An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, finally published in 1776. Smith suggested the theory of the division of labor and emphasized that value arises from the labor expended in the process of production. He was led by the rationalist current of the century, as well as by the more direct influence of Hume ... necessary national economic weapons in the existing state of the world. Smith identified self-interest as the basic economic force and, through his analysis of the division of labor and his comprehen...

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... . Davis & Moore argue that stratification makes an important contribution to social order, and therefore inequality is seen as "beneficial, positive and necessary". A society must ensure that the most functionally important roles are filled by those most talented and efficient, with education and stratification allowing individuals to have an occupation that best suits their abilities. Whilst they claim ... that a meritocratic society gives high reward (financially and status-wise) to motivate the most gifted and inequality means those disadvantaged wish to improve on their position, the...

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... in a 'dominating and subjugating' way to maintain its grip on power and money; and 4) that big businesses and wealthy individuals have a detrimental effect upon the majority of the working masses. It will predominantly focus on the second chapter, Economics and Dominant Class, as it is here that Miliband most clearly outlines his gripes with capitalist Western democracies in terms of inequality, its ... 's chances of a favourable change in financial circumstances through personal diligence are far lower than they would be had one been born to well off parents. But to say this is the ...

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... rising oil prices also created inflation, which undermined production and created tense labour relationships as unions tried to keep their wages rising in line with prices. By the late 1970s, the economic situation in the West was considered very bad indeed, and US and UK political parties (Reagan's Republicans and Thatcher's Conservatives) came to power with promises to curb inflation ... cut red tape (which discourages innovation, distorts market incentives and creates opportunities for corruption) and should allow free trade (which would increase competition and reduce the costs of i...

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... to Globalization as a set of mainly economic conditions which tends to be described as a new and unprecedented, superior phenomenon. However, an examination of Globalization reveals room for criticism in the reality of an unconstrained, American-led capitalist world economy. Furthermore, and as is discussed towards this paper's end, it remains questionable whether or not Globalization has been realized, or ... to not only communications, but also to better abilities of censorship, persuasion and directed kinds of economic participation. (1950) If Globalization is interpreted as an Americ...

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... to accumulate as much capital as is physically possible, it is no surprise when capitalism, since it is not a ideology, formed an alliance with liberalism. Which has the core belief that the individual is the most important concept in society. Since capitalism is concerned with self-greed and individual enterprise it was only logical for capitalism to adopt liberalism. Therefore if you put ... theory on economics, and its relation to employment it also sates that workers are a variable costs, and thus should be able to be disposable without any outside market forces interfering, the mar...

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