... they often entailed unsophisticated notions of individual prejudice and racial discrimination. For example, Thorsten Sellin (1935) conducted simple comparisons of the average length of sentences given to black, native-born and foreign-born white male prisoners within very broad offense categories. Sellin claimed that the data revealed "the marked influence of race and nationality prejudice in the ... these would create certainty in sentencing outcomes and increase the transparency and legitimacy of sentencing processes. This movement was part of a broader shift toward formalism and ration...

• Word Count: 2620
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... a categorical belief in the biological inferiority of African-Americans. Old, rejected theories of biological inferiority have been replaced, in many instances, by a form of cultural racism within American institutions. This exists when implicit racist assumptions, particularly cultural ones, infect the conduct, practices and arrangements of institutions. This type of institutionalized racism often leads to a perception of ... define his willingness to participate in multiracial organizations, institutionalized racism notwithstanding. Wilson believes another obstacle to coalition buildin...

• Word Count: 1618
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Graduate