... observation that, historically, African American women have escalated their political activity progressively, moving from a predominance of nontraditional activity to a predominance of traditional activity, and have emerged as prime users of these traditional avenues in contemporary American politics. As enslaved African females they were the victims of dual oppression, one issuing from race and the other from sex. Subjected to the slave status ascribed to their ... African male kin, they were further victimized by a body of hostile public policy directed toward them as women. African A...

• Word Count: 486
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... another obstacle to coalition building to be the widespread belief among the disadvantaged African-American class that their situation continues to exist primarily as a result of racial discrimination, independent of nonracial factors. The author explains at length that although racial bias continues to be an important factor aggravating black employment problems, it is primarily nonracial ... that, although they oppose such preferential racial policies as college admission quotas or job hiring and promotion strategies designed to achieve equal outcomes, most white Americans approve of ...

• Word Count: 1618
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Graduate

... entire male hierarchy". Therefore, she was schematized similarly to her male counterpart (in regards to gender identity), giving her supposedly "equal" authority to him. Conceptions of a domineering, matriarchal black woman correspondingly emerged. "In Some Could Suckle over Their Shoulder", Jennifer Morgan gathers journal entries from European explorers to make the case that white ... women's compromised ability to run away, where breastfeeding and general concern for her offspring greatly limited a mother's mobility. However, motherhood did not mean that slave women were deprived of oth...

• Word Count: 1150
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... a better phrase than "internalized racism" in describing the absorption by black people of negative attitudes typically held by white people about blackness. "White supremacy" is also useful when referring to how black people are able to exercise "white supremacist control" over one another. Hooks views the emphasis of the struggle against "white supremacy" as helping to form coalitions among peoples ... of color as a catalyst of dismantling white supremacy, where peoples of color join together in support of that common cause. Early coalitions, generally disregarded in the broad view of...

• Word Count: 608
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

The relationship between capitalism and the apartheid government's form of institutionalized racism was one forged solely on the basis of mutual benefits. The apartheid government's racist policies allowed the creation of a pool of unemployed cheap black labor by instituting various laws such as color bars and a highly vulnerable migrant labor brought forward by Bantustans. This relationship in turn allowed the apartheid government to ... lower wages due to the fact white business held the means of production and had the ability to pay wages .The lack of basic industry within these Reserves ...

• Word Count: 2088
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... peacekeeping with masculine, youthful aggression and violence is one which the media in Britain employed in its coverage of Pauline Pearce. This gendering of the riots emphasised feminine domesticity – the protecting of homes and places of work – in the face of young male violence (Mainardi, 1970). The role of black women in the context of young black male rioting is something which is often ... Americans, Jewish Londoners – are either neglected or strangely come to the fore in a form of intersectional discourse which seeks to categorise them as one or the other. Thus in the case o...

• Word Count: 1528
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate