... , he theorizes that modern man must not see the past as a model to guide the present but rather, as an influence to evolve historic concepts in order to suit and progress modernity (Nietzsche, 40). Though their methods differ, Marx and Nietzsche are allied on one major point, being the refutation of religion. The central critique of Marx against religion is a critique ... universal truth for the individual truth that arises from instinctual perceptions of life. Both Marx and Nietzsche agree that refutation of religion and prehistoric morality are necessary in order to progress the facult...

• Word Count: 1000
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

... , the individualists assert that entrepreneurs must be entitled to profit to drive competition and thus create the strongest society. Much like the biological theory of evolution, workers who help societal progress will be those who embrace a profit motive, who understand their entitlement to profit for their labor. One individualist, Sumner argues that, "the emergence of leading individuals brings ... progress, because they are the ones who innovate, who think, and who develop new ideas," (77). Simply put, without entitlement to profit, there is no motivation for the worker to ... ...

• Word Count: 1068
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

Article Reviews As editor of the book, "Exploring Post-Development," Aram Ziai provides an introductory look at the discussions of post-development theory, taking a cursory look at the various arguments for, or against, post-development. Ziai expertly ... on alternatives to development via grassroots, local and regional movements. Alongside support for post-development theory, Ziai also provides the criticisms, some of which are to be addressed in the book, for the audience. Nevertheless, both proponents and critics must agree on the two central post-development hypotheses that the tradition...

• Word Count: 3546
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Graduate

... the most successful economic system up-to-date, affecting the writing of all economic thinkers following him, most notably Marx and other socialist intellectuals. Smith's philosophy, as described in his book entitled Wealth of Nations (1776), is fairly straight forward to understand, yet has very powerful analyses of the capitalistic system of even today. His first premise was that increase in ... ...

• Word Count: 575
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... inertia) with the result that both the indigenous informal and the imposed formal constraints exert opposite polar pulls. Hence the lack of productive institutional development. "On no conclusion is this book more clear: Left to themselves, economic forces do not work out for the best except perhaps, for the powerful."...

• Word Count: 1646
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate