... types of racism-biological racism and cultural racism. He states that hardly anyone today would endorse biological racism, that is, a categorical belief in the biological inferiority of African-Americans. Old, rejected theories of biological inferiority have been replaced, in many instances, by a form of cultural racism within American institutions. This exists when implicit racist assumptions, particularly cultural ones, ... that its particular condition evolved, not in a vacuum, but derivative of forces affecting the enitre class as a whole. The idea of a national multiracial coalition ...

• Word Count: 1618
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Graduate

... exclusion from the normal channels of access to civic life, African Americans and women, their political behavior has been largely overlooked by political scientists, who have tended to focus primarily on those actions that conform to the more restrictive definitions of politics. Utilizing extant social science literature and recent survey research findings by political science scholars, the quest for African American ... them as women. African American enslaved women took leading role in organizing their community in order to lessen the hostile impact of the slave system on individual ...

• Word Count: 486
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... Apartheid regime imploded due to its functional relationship with capitalism that in turn became dysfunctional. Capitalisms alliance with the South African government is as old as the state itself. In 1922 big mining capital and the Smut lead regime aliened to smash the Rand Revolt a series of violent ... Africa. Bantustans quickly became the biggest source of labor within South Africa due to the economic and political pressures enforced on these pseudo states Despite the fact that black people made the overwhelming majority of South Africa's population they where only allocated 13 percen...

• Word Count: 2088
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

Hooks justifies her use of the term "white supremacy" as opposed to "racist" when describing the institutionalized oppression based on "race," stating, "-white supremacy" is a much more useful term for understanding the complicity of people of color in upholding and maintaining racial hierarchies that do not involve force- (Hooks , 1995). She claims that "white supremacy" is a better phrase than "internalized ... individual struggle to change consciousness must be fundamentally linked to collective effort to transform those structures that reinforce and perpetuate white supremacy. (Hooks, 199...

• Word Count: 608
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... -up operation was constructed in gendered terms, as well as in certain figures of media attention such as Pauline Pearce, a 45-year-old woman who stood up to rioters and thereby earned the media soubriquet the Heroine of Hackney. The opposition of female, matriarchal and maternal ... to the crisis – becomes of intersectional importance because it demonstrates the complex inter-space between the simple dichotomy formed in the discourse on the riots. Rather than slipping through this gap, in the case of London and Ferguson such intersectional figures often became highly important to ... ...

• Word Count: 1528
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... then that the study of the most marginalized group to date, black enslaved women, had little to no influence in informing historical perspectives on slavery for many years. They were essentially mute in terms of cultivating the greater portion of traditional literature regarding the topic. However, with ... emerged. "In Some Could Suckle over Their Shoulder", Jennifer Morgan gathers journal entries from European explorers to make the case that white people used African women's bodies as an apparatus to "convey an emergent notion of racialized difference." For instance, in the mid-sevente...

• Word Count: 1150
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate