... agree on the two central post-development hypotheses that the traditional concept of "development" has tones of Euro-centrism and authoritarian and technocratic undertones. In his article, Escobar provides the view on post-development as a shift of development away from "under Western eyes" or to focus on the vernacular cultures rather than ... majority of their distinctive various cultural heritages. In line with post-development theory, Africa's future development, Matthews says, should involve Africans, who with their great diversity could posit new solutions to old problems. Further...

• Word Count: 3546
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Graduate

... democracy consistently take aim at how capitalism undermines political equality. This is a popular target for critics that start by pointing to the economic inequality that a capitalist economy produces. The article "Economics against Democracy" by Manuel Couret Branco argues that a capitalist economy actually weakens political equality by the uneven distribution of wealth that inevitably occurs in a capitalist society. For ... that can be made when establishing how capitalism and liberal democracy form such an effective relationship. A capitalist economy supports liberal democracy by p...

• Word Count: 1285
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... in Capitalist Society," Ralph Miliband outlined what he saw as several key aspects of the nature of the neoliberal world. As part of the 'New Left', an emerging stance on the left wing of politics, Miliband disagreed with the notion of pluralism being a means of spreading political power across a ... otherwise inaccessible elite is fairly skeptical. Firstly, he examines the notion that the managers appointed by the owners of large companies do in fact constitute a new class, one that is 'moved by considerations other than those of the owners better, less "selfish", more "sociall...

• Word Count: 2635
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... , specially the facts involving the Cardiff Giant statue, its creators and the profitable use they made out of it. The narrator of the tale describes his experience in a creepy dusty New York City apartment which he had recently moved in. At the very first night he was spending there, supernatural things invaded his privacy like chains clanking, heavy footsteps and his blanket ... ...

• Word Count: 368
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Graduate

... saved because the person only has to concentrate on that one aspect of manufacturing. The total production is many times what it would be had each worker made the complete article. An example that Smith gives in The Wealth of Nations is that in 10 men, each performing one or more of the 18 operations necessary to make a pin, together produce ... ...

• Word Count: 451
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Graduate

... is, thus leading to a revolutionary change (Marx, 213). For Marx, human history is driven by the forces of continuous class struggles that will eventually lead to a historic revolution in which a new ruling class will arise. In contrast, Nietzsche's On Genealogy of Morality argues that history has no underlying value and is ultimately meaningless when attempting to steer contemporary times. However, he ... ...

• Word Count: 1000
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

... to profit for their labor. One individualist, Sumner argues that, "the emergence of leading individuals brings progress, because they are the ones who innovate, who think, and who develop new ideas," (77). Simply put, without entitlement to profit, there is no motivation for the worker to innovate. Even more, entitlement to profit is related to the function of private ... ...

• Word Count: 1068
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... so many people to see the potential benefits of liberalization that it creates political momentum for liberalization. Marxists, on the other hand, argue that technological developments give new power to multinational businesses that then use that power to press for liberalization, consequently creating a cycle of increasing globalization. An agency-centred approach sees these claims as ... with high interest rates, to discourage borrowing (which included cutting spending on public services) and liberalize economic management nationally and internationally, to boost economic growth. Liber...

• Word Count: 7309
• Approx Pages: 29
• Grade Level: Graduate

... more likely less productive (Rifkin, 1995). The commodification of labour, makes it much easier for employers to lay off workers as the cost-benefit analysis of hiring employees versus getting new technology for work previously done by labour is important for thriving in competitive market-based economies. Globally, there have been mass layoffs within big and small businesses due to downsizing ... labour. There is a trend for previous skilled jobs such as call enquiries handler and manufacturing labourers that were once in secure jobs, to now become increasingly automated and replaced b...

• Word Count: 1246
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... manufacturing industry renders Africa dependent on and vulnerable to the changing world market. The economy's reliance on the world market is an important economic effect of colonialism, as are the new social and demographic changes effected by Africa's incorporation into the global economy. The introduction of an organized commercial economy has largely replaced Africa's traditional economy of rural, self-sufficient production ... , such as the introduction of formal education, literacy expansion, urbanization, and health care. Birth rates have increased and death rates have dropped in ...

• Word Count: 917
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

... manufacturing industry renders Africa dependent on and vulnerable to the changing world market. The economy's reliance on the world market is an important economic effect of colonialism, as are the new social and demographic changes effected by Africa's incorporation into the global economy. The introduction of an organized commercial economy has largely replaced Africa's traditional economy of rural, self-sufficient production ... , such as the introduction of formal education, literacy expansion, urbanization, and health care. Birth rates have increased and death rates have dropped in ...

• Word Count: 917
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Graduate

... American empire in that the past's limits to American trade and influence have been removed to allow industrial and financial interests to operate more freely. The related concept of a New World Order, in its implication of some control being exercised to remove pitfalls that had gone before, probably helps to draw public attention from the political and territorial upsets which ... to fail. Globalization has produced a sharpening of some common problems in Third World societies, a bloc involving billions of the world's least advantaged peoples. The revolution in communications that ena...

• Word Count: 3222
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... imposing "other" systems without a consensus; the post-colonial nationalisation, State central of the means and modes of production, Islamization and the likes are examples of arbitrary institutional change that introduce new formal constraints that are inconsistent with the inertia of the indigenous formal institutions. The colonists entrenched a feudal class in the sub-continent; redefining the relations of domination and submission. Later ... . The revolution may be the only way out for the reconciliation of the formal and informal institutions to establish the continuum that characte...

• Word Count: 1646
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... as one of his greatest achievements - here Marx argues that in a capitalist society, labour is a commodity like any other except it is unique in the fact that it can create new values. His Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1962) presents the theory that the structure of a human society (politically and ideologically) is determined by its economic power, and that ... ...

• Word Count: 840
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... of these minority nations. For example, in Europe, some nations were assimilated into large nation states whilst others developed strong nationalisms that, in some cases led to the formation of new states, such as in the case of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. In terms of Gellner's comments on the importance of education and literacy, Guibernau has argued that in ... for national consciousness. Firstly, by creating unified fields of exchange which, whilst being more diverse than Latin, were less diverse than the multiplicity of locally spoken dialects. Secondly, it gave a new fixity t...

• Word Count: 3295
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Graduate