... using film-forming polymer solutions. Like the conductive polymers, the semi-conductive polymers obtain their properties from their conductionmolecular orbitals and valence molecular orbitals, i.e. bonding orbitals and antibonding* orbitals, respectively. In electro-chemical light emitting cells, the semi-conductive polymer could be surrounded asymmetrically with a hole-injecting electrode (usually ITO) ... on one side, and a low work function, electron injecting metal contact (e.g., aluminum, magnesium or calcium) on the other side. The emission of light is then the result of radiative...

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