... respiration and heartbeat. Patients in cardiopulmonary death may receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or mechanical life support, but they are still unable to breathe. Decerebrate brain death entails the cessation of function in all areas of the brain. Patients do not respond to stimuli, do not move for one hour, and do not breathe for three continuous minutes (Maier 7). Neocortical death is ... the cessation of function in advanced areas of the brain, primarily the cortex. The cortex dies first when the brain is deprived of oxygen, and then the midbrain, and finally, the brainst...

• Word Count: 2895
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... discovery of REM Sleep, scientists have become one step closer to solving these puzzles. REM sleep, although not fully understood, is a crucial and necessary function of life. At the University of Chicago in 1951, a student named Eugene Aserinsky was conducting experiments on wakefulness and sleep under Professor Nathaniel Kleitman. ... that the strange eye oscillations must perform some important, perhaps essential, biological function. In studying REM in cats, the area that inhibits muscle activity during REM sleep was located. (Poole 346) It is a segment of the brainstem at the base ...

• Word Count: 2618
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... clinical antidepres! sants. Endorphins are also involved in glucose regulation. Opioid receptors are functionally designated as mu, delta, kappa, etc. These categories can be further sub-classified by function or structure. Decoding the human genome has allowed the genetic switching-mechanisms that control the expression of each opioid receptor to be determined at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level ... and addictive properties of opioids. Government researchers and pharmaceutical companies are searching for powerful analgesics that won't make the user feel happy too. Mu-r...

• Word Count: 3024
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by the interactions of a number of genes, each of which (individually) has only a modest effect. Additional studies are needed to specifically pinpoint which genes are involved, determine their function, and learn how each gene's interactions with other genes and with the environment make an individual susceptible to MS. "In addition to leading to better ways to diagnose MS, such ... experience episodes of inappropriate euphoria and despair-unrelated to the patient's actual emotional state known as "laughing/weeping syndrome." This syndrome is thought to be due to demyelination in the br...

• Word Count: 4268
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by the interactions of a number of genes, each of which (individually) has only a modest effect. Additional studies are needed to specifically pinpoint which genes are involved, determine their function, and learn how each gene's interactions with other genes and with the environment make an individual susceptible to MS. "In addition to leading to better ways to diagnose MS, such ... experience episodes of inappropriate euphoria and despair--unrelated to the patient's actual emotional state known as "laughing/weeping syndrome." This syndrome is thought to be due to demyelination in the b...

• Word Count: 4423
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... be influenced by the interactions of a number of genes, each of which (individually) has only a modest effect. Additional studies are needed to specifically pinpoint which genes are involved, determine their function, and learn how each gene's interactions with other genes and with the environment make an individual susceptible to MS. In addition to leading to better ways to diagnose MS, such ... experience episodes of inappropriate euphoria and despair--unrelated to the patient's actual emotional state known as "laughing/weeping syndrome." This syndrome is thought to be due to demyelin...

• Word Count: 3706
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate