... conclude that animals possess the prerequisites required for Mathematics. In the same chapter it is also stated that, "Animals can certainly by some means judge of the intervals of time between recurrent events". This suggests that animals are capable of estimation, which in turn implies that animals have some type of mathematical ability. It is often questioned whether items put on display in modern art ... it is rarely questioned whether things are mathematical in nature or not. For example, the photograph below3 shows a crop circle at Litchfield in Hampshire, approximately 7 miles fro...

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