... presided over the occupation with absolute authority for its first quarter century was Evelyn Baring, later Lord Cromer, a colonial administrator with several years' service in India. Cromer's attitude toward non-western, non-Christian peoples was typical of many British officials in the late Victorian era. Convinced of the innate superiority of Western civilization, Cromer believed that Orientals' could never improve ... their lot until they mastered the ways of the West, and for this they required a long apprenticeship under the enlightened tutelage of 'advanced' countries like Great B...

• Word Count: 2608
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . From England came the masterful work of Edward Gibbon, combining erudition with the philosophical concerns of the 18th cent. on the rise and decline of civilization. 10 The end of the century also brought the budding of archaeology out of antiquarianism and of philology out of classical scholarship. These two sciences were essential to the development, in the 19th cent., of critical objective ... put down by armed force. The rule of the Directory was marked by corruption, financial difficulties, political purges, and a fateful dependence on the army to maintain control. Conflict among t...

• Word Count: 9269
• Approx Pages: 37