... father William Canfield Marshall was the first black person to serve on Baltimore's grand jury in the 20th century. Thurgood Marshall was a premed dental scholar at Lincoln University in Oxford Pennsylvania. As a junior, Thurgood met and eventually married his first wife Vivian Buster Burey, after graduation Thurgood ... graduation (1933), Thurgood assisted Huston in the George Crawford case. George Crawford an Afro American man charge with murdering a white man in Loudon County, Virginia. Thurgood and Huston fought hard for George, but the jury found him guilty and gave him life in pris...

• Word Count: 10466
• Approx Pages: 42
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... famed Loving, concluding "in commonsense and in a constitutional sense, there is a clear distinction between a marital restriction based merely on race and one based upon the fundamental difference in sex" (Baker v.Nelson [1971]) Therefore, the court refused to consider Baker and McConnell's equal protection claim, "The institution of marriage as a union of man and woman . . . is as old as the book of ... banned from serving in the United States military. In the early 1990's many gay and lesbian activists were trying to appeal the ban on homosexuals in the military (discriminatory) "199...

• Word Count: 2327
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the Sunday Mirror, a London paper, printing the victim's name in an article. Then the Globe, a Florida tabloid, printed the name and a picture of the accused and accuser. The Palm Beach County prosecutor charged the Globe for violating Florida's laws protecting the identity of rape victims. The trial Judge, Robert Parker, ruled the law unconstitutional because it gave no flexibility to consider ... Standard Life Insurance Co. (322 F.2d 502 4th Cir. 1963), two women were raped while in their hotel. The women were both dental hygienist and traveled around performing puppet shows with a pu...

• Word Count: 2849
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... My Life, Roe v. Wade, and Freedom of Choice." The Defendant in this case was Henry Wade who was the District Attorney of Dallas County, Texas at the time of filing of the complaint. (Cable News Network, 1998). Norma McGorvey was twenty-one, pregnant with her third child ... were unwilling to overrule Roe v. Wade. (Hull & Hoffer, 2001). Another victory to pro-choice groups was the election of President Clinton in 1993. On January 22, the eve of Roe v. Wade's twenty-fifth anniversary, he signed executive orders overturning five of the restrictions ... on abortion established during the R...

• Word Count: 3262
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... Act of 1801 which created a number of new judgeships. In the rush of appointments before leaving office, President Adams sent twenty-three names of justices of the peace for Washington County to the Senate. In total, he signed commissions that put fifty-nine men into office ("Marbury's Travail"). In the final weeks before Jefferson took office, John Marshall was the Secretary ... inauguration, Jefferson discovered the undelivered commissions and ordered the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to withhold them ("Marbury's Travail"). Among the twenty-three appointments Adams had made f...

• Word Count: 1122
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography

... California's Berkley campus were felt to be over-represented due to their outstanding academic performance and were actually placed at a disadvantage under certain affirmative action programs (Bresler). In Los Angeles County, affirmative action goals were raised for Hispanics, who, as a result of immigration, have become almost 40% of the ... county, and lowered for blacks who represent 12% of the population and have 30% of the county jobs (Bresler). Due to this inequality of representation, new tensions have risen between the two groups. Previous to the passing of the California initia...

• Word Count: 2731
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Act of 1801 which created a number of new judgeships. In the rush of appointments before leaving office, President Adams sent twenty-three names of justices of the peace for Washington County to the Senate. In total, he signed commissions that put fifty-nine men into office ("Marbury's Travail"). In the final weeks before Jefferson took office, John Marshall was the Secretary ... inauguration, Jefferson discovered the undelivered commissions and ordered the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to withhold them ("Marbury's Travail"). Among the twenty-three appointments Adams had made f...

• Word Count: 1122
• Approx Pages: 4

... segregated school classes, but then reaction seemed to set in and most Southern political leaders began to take defensive positions on desegregation. There were many examples of this reaction. In Clinton, Tennessee, the school board and other white citizens faced down a mob in 1956; the high school was later bombed in 1958. In 1956 the presence of Autherine Lucy set off ... case President Kennedy had sent in federal troops. This event was publicized throughout the world. Another shocking reaction was that of Prince Edward County, where there, the public schools were closed down for 5 ye...

• Word Count: 2435
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... Atkins due to the fact that the Supreme Court of Virginia needed to prove one of the factors of his patient's conviction, the gravity and brutality of the offense. Dr. Nelson came to the conclusion before Atkins' trial that he was "mildly mentally retarded". This tedious decision was based on many interviews with acquaintances of the perpetrator and school and court ... the doctor had giving Atkins was the typical test used by the United States Government for "assessing intellectual functioning" and has a point scale form 45-155. The association that Dr. Nelson belonged to is known as T...

• Word Count: 1034
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography

"I believe the First Amendment, as it is presently written, permits the American people to do what they need to." (Clinton, Bill) -President Clinton The battle for religious freedom in public schools has recently been a major topic. Some fight for religious rights to be furthered, arguing that too much of God has been taken ... been a statistical increase in student pregnancy and violence in our schools since 1962.(Kussrow) Studies have shown that children involved in religious activity are less likely to do drugs. President Clinton himself said, "experience tells us they"re more likely to s...

• Word Count: 1733
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

... a panel of three judges and the result was a 2-1 victory for the defendants. The two majority judges claimed that they could not ignore the precedent set by Baker vs Nelson in 1972. Baker vs Nelson originated in Minnesota after the state ruled that its law defining marriage to people of the opposite sex was constitutional. The case was later dismissed in the Supreme ... 's refusal to recognize an adoption violated the Right of Interstate travel. Lastly, the Tennessee plaintiffs asked if the court would please throw out the precedent set by the Baker vs Nelson case. After the Supreme Cour...

• Word Count: 1936
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... incidents of rape and sexual assault out of the blue to get back at someone who is of the male gender. A prime example of this is the case of Jamie Nelson, who spent Three and a half years in jail after being wrongly accused of sexual assault before being exonerated. In court, Cathy Fordman who charged Mr ... . Nelson of this offense cried repeatedly as the key witness, and described the "details of the rape". Chief Justice Hugh Fraser believed her because she was so convincing, as women can ... be in such situations using tears. Jamie Nelson was convicted of the crime, and sentenced to...

• Word Count: 1097
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... other leaders from SCLC and SNCC chose Selma, Alabama as a starting point for a voting rights campaign. The movement began in January 1965. Every day African Americans marched to the Dallas County Courthouse to register, where they were beat and arrested by state troopers on horseback. King was one of the arrested. In response to the shooting death of a demonstrator, Jimmie Lee ... both worked to down size federal affirmative action programs. Reagan supported lawsuits brought by white men who claimed they were discriminated against by affirmative action programs. In 1995 President Bill ...

• Word Count: 6511
• Approx Pages: 26
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... , or someone Congress decided they didn't like a law and convinced everyone else why. What is to say that they can't? A recent example of the living constitution was in the Clinton administration when Clinton stepped in a decided to do whatever he wanted. Instead of letting the courts figure out what the problem is and apply the so-called law, then he stepped in ... HUD , or Department of Housing and Urban Development, was in the court system for overstepping its bounds and there was a ruling by the U.S. Circuit Courts which ruled against HUD, so Clinton stepped in and told then to wait ...

• Word Count: 1554
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... be nullified because his client was not made aware of his right to an attorney or his right to remain silent, therefore violating his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights (5). Gary Nelson, an Assistant Attorney General in Arizona, was the lead counsel for the state. He argued that Miranda's constitutional rights were not violated, because he voluntarily refused his right to speak ... with an attorney before signing his confession (6). Nelson also argued that if the Court forced police officers to advise suspects of all their rights, the interrogation process would be severely hampered. Thre...

• Word Count: 1067
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography

... cases involving school segregation. For an example, Briggs v. Elliott (1950), this case took place in Clarendon County, South Carolina. In the 1949-1950 school year the average annual funds per white students in Clarendon County totaled $179, but for black students it was only $43. The 6,531 black students attended school in ... 61 buildings. Many of the black schools lacked indoor plumbing and heating. These buildings were valued at $194,575. However the county's 2,375 white students in the county attended school in 12 buildings worth $673,850. These building were the top of the line f...

• Word Count: 1110
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... Cooley and Young." "The cases of Ernest Miranda and Danny Escobedo are not equal and there is no Constitutional reason for this Court to equate them," wrote Gary Nelson, assistant attorney general for Arizona. Nelson went on to argue that confession should not be suppressed unless "police have undertaken a course of conduct calculated to deny the accused his right to counsel. Certainly ... ...

• Word Count: 4161
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: High School

... to Supreme Court by President George H.W. Bush, and took his seat on October 23, 1991 Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, born March 15, 1933. Nominated to Supreme Court by President Clinton, and took her seat on August 10, 1993. Associate Justice Stephen G. Breyer, born August 15, 1938. Nominated to Supreme Court by President ... Clinton, and took his seat August 3, 1994. This membership may soon, dramatically change. With the ages of Chief Justice Rhenquist and Associate Justice Stevens, also with Associate Justices Day O'Connor and ... vote to convict on the charges, the guilty ...

• Word Count: 4055
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... the frontier of the adequacy issue. The defendant in this case found his defense attorney to be ineffective. If council had investigated the availability of mitigating evidence, he might well ave decided to present some such material at the hearing. If he had done so, there is a significant chance that respondent would have been given a life sentence. In a common view, those ... ...

• Word Count: 1618
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography

... interrupted the Sherman Act so as to limit its scope of applicability.8 Breyer is a "dedicated pragmatist" and "empiricist Ruth Bader Ginsburg Justice Ginsburg replaced Justice White in 1993 as President Clinton's first Supreme Court appointment. Ginsburg, confirmed by a 96 to 3 vote, was not at all new to the Supreme Court. She chaired the American Civil Liberties Union's Women's Rights ... believe this critical mass is yet realized. 5 Upon her confirmation, the National Association of Women Judges gave her a t-shirt that read, "I'm Ruth, not Sandra." 6 Ginsburg praises Presidents Car...

• Word Count: 4693
• Approx Pages: 19

... v. Aaron, 1958 v/s The court repeated that no law or policy of state or local governments could directly or indirectly have the effect of promoting racial segregation. Griffin v. Prince Edward County, Virginia School System, 1964 v/s The court declared that there had been "entirely too much deliberation and not enough speed" in implementing its 1954 decision, and held the closing of Prince ... Edward County schools while other schools in the state remained open to be an infringement of the equal rights of blacks. Bell v. City School of Gary, Indiana, 1964 v/s In a decision which ... up...

• Word Count: 6633
• Approx Pages: 27

... suspended driver's license. Mr. Lane, whose handicap prevented him from even getting to the courtroom which was located on an upper floor of a county building equipped with neither a ramp nor elevator, was forced to crawl up multiple flights of stairs in an attempt to be present at his arraignment. ... Following his arraignment Mr. Lane was denied participation in his own future court proceedings due to the county's refusal to accommodate his disability. He was not allowed access to the courtroom on his second visit to the courthouse for his hearing. ... information back and forth betw...

• Word Count: 2580
• Approx Pages: 10

... would eventually be won by the African Americans for civil liberties. If the Brown vs. Board of Education case were to be tried in the setting of Maycomb County's Courthouse, in Harper Lee's novel To Kill A Mockingbird, the events of the trial would probably have led to the same outcome of Tom Robinson's case. ... , let us just pretend that there are segregated schools in Maycomb and this new law regarding the integration of schools is put into motion. If Maycomb County can not even enforce that the Ewell's go to school for more than just one day like they are supposed to, who is to say ...

• Word Count: 1528
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... penalty showed that the murder rate increased by seven percent from the five-year pre-abolition period to the five-year post-abolition period ("Justice For All" 5). Since 1990, Harris County, a single county in Texas has had more executions than any other state in the United States. During the period between 1990 and 1995, Harris ... County has had a forty-eight percent drop in crime, the greatest decrease in the United States. In Harris County, the highest homicide rate was in 1981, one year before the death penalty was reinstated in Texas ("Justice For All" 6). All of ... ...

• Word Count: 4548
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... /159&psid=10) Despite NSTA's recommendations on how to handle evolution in science classrooms, the war wages on. In 2002 for example, in Cobb County Georgia, there were disclaimers addressing evolution placed on the cover of textbooks. Also, the school board voted to establish clarity on what a teacher can ... classroom with them or quoted Scripture during the lesson. The Presbyterian denomination, the major religious faction in Cobb County, "encourages boards of education to establish standards for scientific knowledge (http://www.coe.uga.edu/coenews/2002/JacksonThomson.htm)". Many tea...

• Word Count: 2226
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: High School