A very significant contribution came in 1944 when American Oswald Avery located the nucleic acid DNA as the carrier of genetic information, instead of proteins in the cell. Further insight into this concept came in 1950 when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used radioactively labeled E. coli to prove that DNA and not proteins had penetrated interior of cells and was the true carrier of heredity. ... A glass needle was then used to remove the egg's own nucleus, and was replace with the nucleus of the blastula cell. ... He fused a cell from an 8-cell lamb embryo with an enucleated unferti...

• Word Count: 1955
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

This process consists of transplanting, or injecting, the nucleus of an adult body cell into an enucleated egg (oocyte) of another animal or person. ... They would then extract the nucleus by means of a fine needle from the eggs and put the recently vacant egg and the cloner's cells next to each other, and zap them with electricity. ... The aging of the cells is controlled by telomeres, the ends of chromosomes with repeating sequences of DNA on them, which become increasingly shorter each time the cell divides. ... Another theory of aging states that cells age through random damage to DNA...

• Word Count: 2347
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Cloning could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever before by increasing efficiency through nuclear transfer (Cohen 6), sperm from the father could be transferred into the mother's egg, thus creating a child. ... Embryonic Stem Cell research is taking a human cell, and basically killing it until there is almost nothing left. Then we take out the nucleus of the cell and implant it into another cell which has no DNA and we "trick" the cell into growing into whatever organ it originated from, just like it was a stem cell, the first basic cell of every o...

• Word Count: 1934
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Summary of the Issue Cloning captured the public's attention when Scottish scientists startled the world in July of 1996 when they announced the birth of a sheep named Dolly, which they had cloned from the nucleus of an adult mammary cell and a sheep egg. ... Several sperm cells and mature egg cells are gathered from donors at fertility clinics, and are combined in a petri dish using in vitro fertilization procedures to form an embryo. ... "The cells are then coated with an artificial zona pellucida. ... Cancer cells develop at approximately the same phenomenal rate as the embryonic ...

• Word Count: 1265
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

He states a clone is a cell, multicellular organism, or DNA sequence derived from, and genetically identical to, another cell, organism, or DNA strand. ... Nuclear transfer is when an egg cell would be enucleated, and a donor nucleus from an adult member of the same species would be inserted. ... Genes, such as those conferring disease resistance, could be inserted into a human cell structure with the resulting transgenic cells employed as donors for nuclear transfer" (Lee 3). ... And yet identical twins are in fact natural clones, formed from the same egg and sharing the same genotype. .....

• Word Count: 1500
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

This means that if human cloning proceeds then the primary method that the scientists are most likely to use is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). For example "the nucleus from the female donor's egg would be removed to create an enucleated egg which would allow the scientists to "fuse together the cloning subjects cell containing the DNA using electricity." ... However probably the most helpful research and development for humans is the breakthrough with human stem cells. Stem cells can be extracted from embryos or the bone marrow, they are cells that have not yet become spe...

• Word Count: 2083
• Approx Pages: 8

The cloning technique is called somatic cell nuclear transfer, the process used to create "Dolly" the sheep. Her DNA was taken from a single cell from her mother's egg, which is fused with a mammary cell. The fused cell soon develops into an embryo. ... The goal is to create an embryo, which contains special kind of undifferentiated cells called embryonic stem cells. They're so named because specialized cells such as heart, liver or brain cells stem from these undifferentiated cells. ...

• Word Count: 1800
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School