... carry a new gene into a cell, it cannot redirect the cells genetic machines to make thousands of copies of itself. Microinjection is a more modern method of artificially transferring genes. Unlike Recombinant DNA, it does not rely on biological vectors like plasmids or viruses. Microinjection is exactly what you would expect it to be by its name. It involves simply injecting gene material ... , who was engineered in Scotland, has been said to be a clone but in actual fact "she is less of a "clone" than are identical twins". Identical twins have identical DNA from the nucleus and egg subs...

• Word Count: 3150
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography

... called "mesokaryotic" because of their unusual nuclear organization. While the DNA of most other eukaryotes forms fibrils that are 10nm wide, the DNA of dinomastigotes is only 2.5 nm wide. Also, eukaryotic DNA usually only condenses during mitosis, but the DNA of organisms in this phylum is always condensed. This is ... condensed this means the genome is turned off, but the genes of dinomastigotes continue being expressed even though their DNA is condensed. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase do not occur during mitosis in these organisms. ... with other pigments l...

• Word Count: 3806
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... gene to cells lacking that particular function, thus correcting the genetic disorder or disease. There are two main categories of gene therapy: germ line therapy, or altering of sperm and egg cells, and somatic cell therapy, which is much like an organ transplant. Germ line therapy results in a permanent change for the entire organism, and its future offspring. Unfortunately, germ ... in the alteration of bacterial genes. "Transforming bacterial cells is easier than transforming the cells of complex organisms" (Stableford 34). Two reasons are evident for this ease of manipulation: DNA e...

• Word Count: 3104
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... the major organisms that cause food-borne illnesses. The most commonly found organism to cause food poisoning is salmonella. Salmonella can be spread through three common routes: (1) contaminated eggs and egg products as well as raw meats and chicken, (2) infected food handlers with feces-contaminated hands, and (3) marijuana contaminated with salmonella. The onset of symptoms develop from 5 to 72 hours after ... chemicals that could be cancer causing and linked to genetic disease (EPA). Some of the most harmful disorders that have come of these chemicals are tumor formation, gene mutat...

• Word Count: 3539
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: High School

... from protein enzymes. Some forms of RNA can copy themselves and can actually edit other RNAs by adding and deleting nucleotides. These experiments support another hypothesis that RNA, rather than DNA, functioned as life's first information storage system. According to this hypothesis, life based on RNA have started when RNA fragments began to copy and edit themselves and assemble proteins. As ... where they produced protein enzymes that took over the work of bringing about chemical reactions. Later, storing genetic information could have similarly been passed on to DNA. In this way, ove...

• Word Count: 2685
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... believe ice is a good environment for primitive bacteria. The bacteria need less food because it's cold, and its metabolism is slowed down, somewhat like a hibernating bear's. Another finding was that DNA extracted from the microbes present in the team's Lake Vostok sample indicted the presence of only a few subgroups of known bacteria coupled with low overall microbial diversity (NASA, Dec. 1999 ... ...

• Word Count: 2522
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... a nucleus that is not distinctly separated from cytoplasm by a membrane (no true nucleus). All of these are single-celled prokaryote cells; the nucleus contains a single chromosome composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and polyamines. Bacteria often have flagella by which to move. Most forms within this group reproduce asexually by means of binary fission of the cells. They also include producers (photoautotrophs ... ...

• Word Count: 2632
• Approx Pages: 11