... reader readily observes the differences, but may well be baffled in trying to explain whether one of both of the mirrored images is distorted. Charles Brockden Brown's Arthur Mervyn(1799), Mary Shelley's Frankenstein(1816), E.T.A. Hoffmann's Kater Murr(1820/21), and James Hogg's Confessions of a Justified Sinner(1824) are four novels of the earlier nineteenth century which develop their irony through varieties of structural ... ...

• Word Count: 2971
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate