... the 16th century, Western Europe experienced a wide range of social, artistic and geographically political changes that created conflict within the Holy Roman Empire. This conflict is called the Protestant Reformation, a religious and political movement that gave birth to Protestantism and Catholic ... in many areas became targets of either hatred or derision from local townspeople" (Mackenney 1993: 5). "...the five Vicars of Christ who ruled the Holy See during Magellan's lifetime [1480-1521] were the least Christian of men; the least devout, least scrupulous, least compassionate, and a...

• Word Count: 2755
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 3:6; Ephesians 2:5, 3:7; Philippians 3:9; Titus 2:11, 3:7; I Timothy 1:14) Catholicism says: Man is justified by baptism plus faith, plus additional works (see Catholic Catechism Ref. Nos. 1265-1271, 1987-1995). The Holy Spirit's transforming work in the sinner becomes the grounds, along with faith, for justification. Most good Catholics are therefore very concerned with "being good enough," "meriting," and "earning" their salvation. The ... makes the neophyte 'a new creature,' an adopted son of God, who has become a 'partaker of the divine nature,' member of Christ and co-heir with him...

• Word Count: 6484
• Approx Pages: 26
• Grade Level: High School

... is a part (stone) in the construction of that building (Church). Christ did His work until He ascended. After that, He continued doing His work through believers, by the baptism of Holy Spirit (Acts 1:2,8; Luke 24:49; Mark 16:15-20). In Matthew 16:18 Jesus said, I will build my Church. Acts 2:47 says, Lord added the saved ones to the Church daily ... incidents. Before His resurrection, Jesus commanded his disciples to tarry in the city of Jerusalem, until they receive the power of Holy Spirit (Luke 24:49, Acts 1:4). According that, they tarried in the upper room. On the day of Pentecost...

• Word Count: 3546
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Roman clergy could not exist if Luther's concepts were to be accepted. Because the principal sacrament of the Roman Catholic Church is the Holy Eucharist of Holy Communion, the fact that Luther was tampering with it could not help but be looked upon by the Roman clergy with great dismay. ... Luther then went before the Diet of Worms, where he took a firm stand concerning his beliefs and was placed under the ban of the Holy Roman Empire. All of this entails considerably more details concerning Luther's concept of Christianity. Justification by faith, not by works is perhaps Luther's ... ...

• Word Count: 2769
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: High School

... of Vatican II. Prior to Vatican II, the Catholic Church was run as a strict hierarchical religious organisation. The Pope was regarded as the most holy person alive, followed by the Cardinals, Archbishops, Bishops, Priests, Deacons, and finally the Laity. This structure was somewhat outdated in the modern world which ... was experiencing a social revolution. Vatican II established that all people were equal in the eyes of God and the Holy Spirit, helping overcome the problem of exclusivity that was seen in the Church, helping it to become more inclusive. The people of the Church ... of...

• Word Count: 2753
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , and a few other sympathetic Franciscans, fled Avignon and went into exile. They initially went to Italy, where Louis (Ludwig) of Bavaria, the Holy Roman Emperor, was in Pisa at the time, along with his court and retinue. The Holy Roman Emperor was engaged in a political dispute with the Papacy, and Ockham's group found refuge under his protection. On June 6, 1328, Ockham was ... to eat, not to put them in hot water in the evening ready for the following day, as is usually done, so that they might obey that saying of the holy Gospel, 'Take no thought for the morrow'". When the citizens ...

• Word Count: 4607
• Approx Pages: 18