... must depend on the relation a particular act bears to the fundamental law that limits legislative power. A specific and well known quote by Judge Thomas Cooley stated that "due process of law in each particular case means such an exertion of the powers of government as the settled ... bank account records, trash barrel or whatever, if the police have probable cause to believe they can find evidence that you committed a crime, and a judge issues a search warrant, or the particular circumstances justify the search without a warrant first being issued. Now, during these circumstances a sear...

• Word Count: 3780
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... , because they are not singling out specific groups, but apply uniformly to all citizens. In a lawsuit brought against the state of Pennsylvania on the behalf of possibly disenfranchised voters, Judge Robert Simpson of the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania ruled in favor of a voter ID law that could stop thousands of Pennsylvania residents from voting. His reasoning behind this: ""The ... of photo ID in daily life. The Commonwealth's asserted interest in protecting public confidence in elections is a relevant and legitimate state interest sufficiently weighty to justify the burden." Thi...

• Word Count: 2997
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a charge and then refer the case to the juvenile court prosecutor.  The juvenile may be detained but the decision is reviewed by a judge or a court administrator at a juvenile court detention hearing (Ibid). Adjudication  The juvenile court judge must review all the evidence presented at a hearing and determine whether to sustain or reject the allegations made on the petition (Ibid). Disposition ...  At a hearing, the juvenile court judge reviews the recommendations of all concerned parties concerning what should happen to the child (Ibid, p.196) Aftercare  Whatever disposit...

• Word Count: 2997
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... returned to The United States, He started to have admirations for working for a private law firm and making money, but Thurgood was intrigued about the idea of one day becoming a judge. Thurgood in 1961 met President John F. Kennedy; President Kennedy wanted to appoint Afro Americans to important positions within his office. Thurgood saw a vacancy on the United States Court of Appeals ... returned to The United States, He started to have admirations for working for a private law firm and making money, but Thurgood was intrigued about the idea of one day becoming a judge. Thurgood in 196...

• Word Count: 10466
• Approx Pages: 42
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... jury may be called to decide whether there is evidence that a crime has been committed. A petit jury will hear evidence and decide the guilt or innocence of a party. And a lone judge may hear the case without the help of a jury (Greenberg/Page; p.424). Many types of cases are heard in the district courts, including civil law (crimes against an individual) and ... criminal law (crimes against the public or state). All cases are presided over by a single judge. An estimated 300,000 cases are filed each year, with about 80 percent of them being civil cases and 20 percent being criminal (Gr...

• Word Count: 4055
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... meant to be slavery. He talks of how in the courthouse men were holding a man prisoner and having a trial to decide if he really was a slave. He speaks against the judge by saying, "For him to sit there deciding still, when this question is already decided from eternity to eternity, and the unlettered slave himself, and the multitude around, have long ... commerce, if they were not made of India-rubber, would never manage to bounce over the obstacles which legislators are continually putting in their way; and if one were to judge these men wholly by the effects of their actions and not ...

• Word Count: 2858
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... may be waived. Prisoners cannot file a claim for mental or emotional injury unless they can show that they also suffered a physical injury. Prisoners risk losing credit for good time if a judge decides that a lawsuit was filed for the purpose of harassment, that the inmate lied, or that the inmate presented false information. The US Constitution gives female inmates privacy rights that ... that male prisoners have a constitutional right to procreate."" (Glaberson, William.) The ruling was issued by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in San Francisco. I think this j...

• Word Count: 3147
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography

... attacked the laws, basing alleged injury on the future possibilities of contraceptive failure, pregnancy, unpreparedness for parenthood, and impairment of the wife's health. These cases were consolidated but the three-judge district court panel held that Jane Roe, Dr. Hallford, and members of their classes, had standing to sue but ruled that John and Mary Does" complaint was not justifiable. (Roe ... . Her doctor told her that her fetus was likely to be deformed and would recommend an abortion. Despite her doctor's strong support for the abortion, they were unable to convince a judge to ...

• Word Count: 3262
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... behind. Those who supported the separation of Church and State agreed that if the State supported preachers in any way, "those whom the State employs in its service may [be] judge[ed] and [the State shall] determine who shall preach, when they shall preach, and what they must preach." The very idea of the free exercise of religion was at stake ... ...

• Word Count: 3342
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... returned to The United States, He started to have admirations for working for a private law firm and making money, but Thurgood was intrigued about the idea of one day becoming a judge. Thurgood in 1961 met President John F. Kennedy; President Kennedy wanted to appoint Afro Americans to important positions within his office. Thurgood saw a vacancy on the United States Court of Appeals ... ...

• Word Count: 3527
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... possession of marijuana. The conflict arises when in 1998, the Department of Justice obtained a court order forbidding several California medical marijuana clubs from cultivating and distributing marijuana. When the federal judge who issued the preliminary injunction decided to allow one Oakland club to distribute marijuana to patients for whom it is a medical necessity, at the request of the Justice Department, the ... ...

• Word Count: 5600
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the courthouse for his hearing. After refusing to again crawl or be aided up stairs by court employees, Lane was arrested and jailed for failing to show in court before a judge. In his remaining court appearances, Lane was remanded to the first floor lobby of the building while his lawyer ferried information back and forth between the second floor courtroom and ... ...

• Word Count: 2580
• Approx Pages: 10

... less than 18 inches, the statutory limit under the 1934 National Firearms Act, between Oklahoma and Arkansas. Miller and Laytons" attorney contended that the 1934 Act violated the Second Amendment. Judge Heartsill of the United States District Court for Western Arkansas ruled that the relevant section of the 1935 Act did violate the Second Amendment. The United States appealed to the ... ...

• Word Count: 2786
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... within the Court ended in the late 1930's, it was clear that economic measures were capable of being reviewed by the members, who, with the utilization of broad precedents, could judge in many ways. With its mission accomplished in these regards, the Court would now step in to the final phase as notated by McCloskey. The Civil Rights of the people ... ...

• Word Count: 4341
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... apply the Uniform Code of Military Justice (United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces). Each state has at least one federal district court and at least one federal judge. District judges are appointed for life terms by the president with the consent of the Senate. Appeals from district-court decisions are carried to the courts of appeals. UNITED KINGDOM ... ...

• Word Count: 3105
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate