... on the church. While his greatest ecclesiastic enemies as Gilbert Foliot would never let him live down the indemnity, Becket's greatest defenders, as John of Salisbury, could not deny that, though it was not his idea, Becket applied and exploited the scuttage. It was this constant and ... State rule. The Troublesome Archbishop It was out of this desire to maintain personal control over the Church and have it acquiesce to the king's necessities that Henry II appointed Thomas Becket as Theobald's replacement. In 1162, Henry, according to Foliot, threatened every member of clergy to ... ...

• Word Count: 2829
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a gathering of all the Bishops in the Catholic Church that was intended to "bring the Church up to date" (aggiornamento) as Pope John XXIII acknowledged that the Church stood in need of reinvigoration and reform. Session I was convened on October 11, 1962, which was attended by 2500 Bishops ... merely those of the Catholic Church..." The outdated traditions of the Church had turned many people away, which was a problem that Pope John XXIII wanted to address in order to make the message of faith more relevant to modern society as well as to debate and resolve centuries ... but merely as ...

• Word Count: 2753
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and followed the mitigated rule of St Simon Stock; and the Discalced Carmelites, who went without shoes as a sign of austerity and followed the reforms of the Spanish mystic St John of the Cross. This reform endeavoured to restore the spirit of the original rule of Albert of Vercelli. The main purposes of the order are contemplation, missionary work, and theology ... and charitable work, the Franciscans have been noted for their devotion to learning. Before the Reformation in England they held many positions in the universities, prominent among the professors being John Duns Scotus, Wil...

• Word Count: 2701
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate