... and contaminated by feces. If not treated promptly, general toxic infection or tetanus infection usually leads to death. The majority of operations are done without anesthetic. Even when doctors or midwives use local anesthesia, which can itself involve considerable pain, due to the dense concentration of nerve endings in the clitoris, pain in the highly sensitive area of the clitoris returns ... the secret societies and who, to their followers, are priestesses. The eradication of FGM would mean a loss of prestige and money for most practitioners- traditional birth attendants or medical...

• Word Count: 2699
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... against the practice are supporting activist groups with funding, training, and technical expertise rather than choosing direct involvement. The following approaches are typical: -Community education; in which volunteer nurses and midwives, trained local health workers to teach individuals about the harmful effects of female circumcision and to work through religious organizations, women's organizations and social clubs to mobilize communities against the ... ...

• Word Count: 2909
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... country. In 1994 Ghana passed a law, which explicitly prohibits FGM. Other countries must follow their initiative, some already have. Yet, enforcing these laws proves to be difficult. Doctors', nurses' and midwives' professional associations must take a clear stance against FGM and pass regulations forbidding their members to perform the procedure. The doctors must then refuse to practice FGM in their communities, as ... ...

• Word Count: 4279
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate