... The Protestant Reformation was acted out initially against the background of rising territorial monarchies. Northern monarchs attempted to assert more and more of their authority against the power of their feudal nobility. Instead of relying on feudal charges for the bulk of their military power, Renaissance princes employed mercenaries in increasing numbers. Royal bureaucracies and legal systems also expanded. ... Not just content with expanding their royal rights within their states, European monarchs struggled with each other for economic and political advantages. War was seen as an i...

• Word Count: 2755
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... huge problem as the national movements were not extremely organised. Another problem the nationalist movement had in Germany and Italy was that they were unable to create a coherent political programme. In both countries, nationalists were divided into liberal or radical groups depending on their convictions. Liberals believed in gradual progress through the development of organisations like the ... nation-states if they were created? This was a serious problem the nationalist movements had, because there were a lot of monarchs of the independent states, who would clearly not welcome u...

• Word Count: 3402
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... However, the wars were ended not only with loss of territory but also with the reinstatement of an archaic government in the form of monarchs like Louis-Phillipe. Louis-Phillipe retarded growth as bankers and industrialists had to move cautiously behind the scenes in order to not upset the ... monarch. It was not until 1852, when Napoleon III came to power, that the French industrialist could emerge from the shadows. Napoleon III, however, found his own way to hinder economic progress when he established ... that only one French scientist rose to prominence in the late 19th and early 2...

• Word Count: 3802
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate