... on bureaucracy or an organized central government where the pharaoh (spiritual leader) ruled all 3 kingdoms with divine kingship. In Egypt, there were no war or laws because Egyptians were very peaceful until they drove out the Hyksos in their New Kingdom. In the Old Kingdom the pharaohs were gods. In the Middle Kingdom they were the sons of G-d. They believed in ... pharaohs were buried with all their life belongings for a beneficial afterlife. In contrast, the Mesopotamian city-states were led by kings and were much less stable than Egypt. There were warrior kings fighting with one an...

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