... purpose, objective, or interest is of a "compelling public interest- and there is no less restrictive way of accomplishing said purpose. Typically, this test is applied to suspect classifications, which refer to classifying people according to their religion, national ethnic origin, race, or color. Suspect classification falls under the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment where it ... is written that a state cannot deny equal protection to anyone within its jurisdiction. In other words the Constitution does not prohibit making distinctions among people, but it does forbid unrea...

• Word Count: 439
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... had scored a 59. According to Dr. Nelson, this is in the less than one percentile of the United States population. This specific test that the doctor had giving Atkins was the typical test used by the United States Government for "assessing intellectual functioning" and has a point scale form 45-155. The association that Dr. Nelson belonged to is known as ... defines "mental retardation" as "subaverage general intellectual functioning that is accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning..." The APA also states that mild retardation is most commonly diagnosed with peop...

• Word Count: 1034
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography

... play their best. Marijuana, the most frequently used drug among this age group slows reaction time, affects memory, and tires an individual out. The tests rarely test for all drugs, including tobacco and alcohol (the drugs most commonly used by adolescents). Since studies show that an estimated 500,000 to 600,000 teenagers in the ... Testing many students for all drugs is expensive, very expensive. Funds may have to be diverted from other, more positive prevention programs. For a single test, it would cost about $55 dollars if medical personnel were to administer and check the results. ...

• Word Count: 495
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: High School

... have been a member of congress, a governor, or a member of the President's cabinet. They should also be able to take and pass a written test, testing them on their knowledge of the court system and their ability to make wise decisions. And lastly, the Supreme Court justices must all have different ethnic ... there is an essay question asking you to describe, "What being a Supreme Court Justice means to you." It is necessary to pass this test, that way were sure to have Justices that know exactly what they"re doing and are knowledgeable enough to perform the tasks their job entitles. ... ...

• Word Count: 564
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... in extracurricular activities are supposed to be the people that make their school look good. They should not be punished for going out for a sport. A student at Tecumseh High in Oklahoma was given a random drug test recently while a teacher listened in to ensure that she was not trying to cheat her way through the test. She said "It was a real intrusion into my ... totally invades students" privacy. It's none of their ( the school's) business." (US Ar. 2). People who participate in sports already have enough pressure riding on them as it is. They are the ones striving to be the best, s...

• Word Count: 917
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... ethics of drug testing has become an increased concern for many companies in the recent years. More companies are beginning to use it and more people are starting more to have problems with it. The tests are now more than ever seen as a way to stop the problems of drug ... has purchased the employees time, the employer has a proprietary right to ensure that the time purchased is used as efficiently as possible."(Cranford 6) Many people have a problem with employees having to choose between their job and their drugs. For example what if the person is hooked and cannot do anything about .....

• Word Count: 1159
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... Court as Bush clearly wanted to gain a significant political foothold in the Supreme Court by appointing a young Judge with the same ideology. As well as this, Presidents often use a "litmus test" as a decider. After President Bush's nomination of Justice Souter, he was asked whether Souter's view on abortion affected his appointment. Bush confidently said no, however many Presidents appoint politically, it ... appointed by Reagan. Presidents do this understandably as they would like to try and shape the Court's thinking for the best part of two decades. Presidents are not the only peop...

• Word Count: 929
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is not protected by the First Amendment (Klotter 52). In order for communication to be labeled as obscene it must fall under all three aspects of the Miller Test (Klotter 53). The Miller Test was established in the court case Miller v. California, which stated that a literary work must (1) appeal to the average person's prurient interest (2) describe or depict hard-core sexual conduct ... at the time of issuance (Klotter 57). Although hate speech expresses contempt against races, religion, sex, ethnicity, and sexual orientation, it is protected under the First Amendment (Klotter 63). Ma...

• Word Count: 934
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

I believe that the decision making power in this country stems from the Judiciary Branch. They have a lot of power that can go against or for the will of the people. One aspect of this power is judicial review. It is the right of the federal courts to void laws and acts that are in conflict with Constitution, even if Congress ... by the President and approved by the Senate. So this process is a very in-depth procedure. There is a certain procedure that tests the judges for ideological purity. This test is called the litmus test. Some of the judges that have been elected have been argued by S...

• Word Count: 885
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... is not protected by the First Amendment (Klotter 52). In order for communication to be labeled as obscene it must fall under all three aspects of the Miller Test (Klotter 53). The Miller Test was established in the court case Miller v. California, which stated that a literary work must (1) appeal to the average person's prurient interest (2) describe or depict hard-core sexual conduct ... at the time of issuance (Klotter 57). Although hate speech expresses contempt against races, religion, sex, ethnicity, and sexual orientation, it is protected under the First Amendment (Klotter 63). Ma...

• Word Count: 827
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... them the right to vote and giving them equal protection under the law. These amendments were not helpful because the government and the white people did not follow these laws until the mid-1900's. During and after Reconstruction, there were laws made that limited the civil liberties of African ... carry firearms, starting business, appearing on the streets after sunset, traveling without a permit, etc. Literacy tests required voters to take and pass a test in order to be able to vote. Most freedmen did not know how to write and read and therefore could not pass the tests. Poll ... money t...

• Word Count: 630
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... public school systems are facing a series of major problems. The classrooms are crowded, violence is growing, and test scores are falling. Some people believe the ways the schools are funded are the reasons behind these problems. There have been several ideas brought to ... However, the controversies surrounding parental choice are fairly new. The most discussed and argued issue surrounding vouchers is the inclusion of parochial schools. Many people who believe strongly in the First Amendment's establishment clause, which establishes the separation of Page 2 church and state. This clause...

• Word Count: 1038
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... second amendment to the United States Constitution states: "A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." This amendment was adapted to the Bill of Rights in 1791, and the controversy over this ... influential in gaining public awareness of the right to own a gun. Opponents of the second amendment say that it is only meant for military purposes, and people in the military are the only ones who can own a gun are those enlisted in the military. Many groups are in favor of the amendment fo...

• Word Count: 519
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Though the Supreme Court has helped define these sections with court rulings, a number of articles remain under debate regarding their true meaning. Attitudes of the American people depend significantly on their understanding of the Constitution. Kammen points out three main elements in dealing with the understanding of the Constitution: "the Constitution's treatment in American ... the Magna Carta is more sacred, arguing that it has been able to change with the times, but being able to stand the test of time is what makes our Constitution distinct. When looking at all these aspects of m...

• Word Count: 933
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Introduction The Fourth Amendment is the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, and shall not be violated. No Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by ... Amendment. During a checkpoint, law enforcement officers are stopping every driver at checkpoint. They are stopping the vehicles without reasonable suspicion or probable cause. However, the court has held the balancing test is more appropriate in determining reasonable search than the probable cause standard. In Mich. Dep't of State Polic...

• Word Count: 1159
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... traditionally been composed of a large percentage of minorities, will be able to compete fairly with white males for educational and employment opportunities. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., said that people should be judged "not by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character". This statement is true in every aspect of American society. Morally, discrimination is ... their merit. If two people are of equal merit, then hiring a minority or female over white male is acceptable. This will lead to greater diversity, which from a social and biological standpoint can be benefic...

• Word Count: 928
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... business here"(Worsnop 197). I believe it is not the actual killing which will produce the deterrent effect, but the fear of death itself. As representative Steve Chabot from Ohio said, people are sick and tired of criminals who have taken "innocent-human life so they can play games with our legal system from their prison cells for year after year (Worsnop ... balance of power in Furman, Potter Stewart and Bryon White. What had troubled them about the death penalty was its randomness." (Banner 70) The new laws were put to the test in Gregg v. Georgia and were upheld. "Under the Gregg de...

• Word Count: 1216
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... up the issue that he believed he had been rejected merely on the basis of his Caucasian status, and that minorities who had gained admission into the University had lower test scores then he did . The Bakke Supreme Court dispute reflected the intense and widespread emotions aroused by quotas, by preferential or compensatory treatment, and by affirmative action. Four justices ruled ... admissions at the University of Michigan Law School. "Affirmative action is about giving back to a specific group that had their rights denied, that never had the same rights as other people. It's about re...

• Word Count: 1039
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Constitution of the United States of America, declares, "Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech."" As a result of this clause in the United States (US) Constitution, many people conflict on its meaning and its use. With a new medium brought into the swing of things in the form of the Internet, a particularly spiky subject with conservatives comes up, pornography ... States n 1957, the Supreme Court declared that obscenity has never been constitutionally protected speech (1). In another court case cited by Hacker, the 1973 Miller vs. California case established a thre...

• Word Count: 816
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... student activity prone to editorial censorship. Also, in my opinion, the nature of the pamphlet targeted a broad and varied group and would not have passed the "Clear and Present Danger Test". The pamphlet did not result in a direct and undesireable result, nor did it instigate an immediate reaction. As was seen in the case regarding Terminiello Vs Chicago that caused the ... of government is to invite dispute. It may indeed best serve its high purpose when it induces a condition of unrest, creates dissatisfaction with conditions as they are, or even stirs people to anger. Speech is oft...

• Word Count: 733
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... -party system emerged, Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans disagreed on many matters. Their political philosophies were complete opposites in almost every aspect. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, the two people whose names appear in the names of the aforementioned political parties, were also very different from each other as well. The Alien and Sedition Acts enacted by the Federalists in ... question of its constitutionality was a responsibility assumed by the Supreme Court. The Alien and Sedition Acts only lasted for a short time and it seems that th...

• Word Count: 696
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... yet gone into practice or precisely how it's likely to affect them, I wouldn't be surprised or distressed. Obamacare is nothing if not unwieldy and opaque: "Ulysses " meets "Mulholland Drive. " The people confused about it include no small number of the physicians I know and probably a few of the law's authors to boot. But 40 percent of Americans are clueless about its sheer ... possible answers, including the correct one, from which to choose. They more or less underperformed the odds. Apart from perennial news stories about how many Americans would flunk the citizenship test that imm...

• Word Count: 1141
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... stated that the Fourth Amendment allowed for the protection of a person and not just a person's property against illegal searches. The Fourth Amendment written in 1791 states, The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by ... court was unsure on weather or not they should consider a public telephone booth as an area protected by the fourth amendment. The court did state that: The Fourth Amendment protects people, not ...

• Word Count: 1082
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... " support a Supreme Court nominee who might try to overturn the historic Roe v. Wade ruling." (Fitzgerald, 3). This shows how important a candidates position on abortion as relating to Roe v. Wade is to people. There are numerous "single-issue voters" who will choose one candidate over another due to his stand on one issue. Many of these ... people give that vote dependant on wheter the candidate is pro-choice or a right-to-lifer. Another current article illustrates a case in which a man and his pregnant girlfriend got into a quarrel. ... her from jeopardizing the health of her fetus ...

• Word Count: 985
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• Grade Level: High School

... judicial review, the right to contest the rulings of Congress. Throughout his thirty-four-year term as Chief Justice, Marshall upheld his belief that the government was one of the people, not of the states, and it needed power above that of the states to preserve benefits for all citizens. Others of his well remembered rulings are Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College ... proper." His understanding of the government was extraordinary, as it seems that he always sought to maintain his form of an ideal government. Even though his decisions often caused conflicts, people respected Marshall b...

• Word Count: 721
• Approx Pages: 3