... use and not employers. This helped me begin thinking about my topic and spurred my interest in the topic. I began thinking about how employers test their employees. I left my computer at the time and began looking up drug tests in periodicals again. I found information in an article out ... on the job. This strengthened my knowledge and I now know that drug use on the job is a problem and know the basics of how employers test their employees. I then began to think about the legalities of drug testing and the United States constitution. I then looked up a journal entitled Personnel ... j...

• Word Count: 1716
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Amendment of the Constitution. He believed that this violation happened because under the Constitution because of Separation of Church and State where state laws cannot combine the interest of religious people with the interests of the state's population. Under law in Pennsylvania, Kurtzman was allowed to purchase educational services from parochial schools which the State would reimburse for books, materials ... a state law regarding the funding or creation of religious institutions with money from the public is in violation of the Constitution. As stated by Chief Justice Warren Burger, ...

• Word Count: 2227
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography

... reversed, but the six Justices voting for reversal were unable to agree upon an opinion in support of the decision. They stated that the constitutional test for obscenity is "whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to ... and that the film in question was not as such. The reason that this case should be considered interpretist is that they applied a constitution "test" om what is and what is not pornography. Although they used there own opinions on deciding if it was or wasn't pornography, they...

• Word Count: 2444
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... especially affected our right to privacy. The Fourth Amendment secures the right to privacy in the Constitution. The Fourth Amendment protects "the privacy and security of people's house's, papers and against unreasonable searches and seizures" (Barton pg. 2). If a search shall be conducted, a warrant shall be issued with probable ... his house, it did constitute a search. When the court tries to determine what constitutes a "search", they usually refer to the Katz test. The Katz test was established on a previous court case involving warrant less eavesdropping. The importance of this cas...

• Word Count: 1483
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

The Fourth Amendment guarantees "the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures". The constitution specifies that the government must have probable cause ... policy. Even though these kind of searches seem unfair, the law is unclear as to whether these searches are constitutional. Can the school make me submit to a drug test if I want to play school sports? Probably. In 1995 the Supreme Court handed down a case called Vernonia School District v. Acton, where it held that mandatory ... , then you should have the ch...

• Word Count: 2436
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... struggling to help their children understand the lesson when they themselves don't even understand the lesson. Fore example there have been several questions on standardized test given by the government where there is simply no answer to. In english students are learning that two things. One, you can read something ... not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. " Many would argue that Common Core does just that. The Government is bribing states adapt Common Core and if they do the ...

• Word Count: 1414
• Approx Pages: 6

... powers not delegated to the United Sates by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people, " in other words, anything not specified in the United States Constitution is jurisdiction of the States. In that case, the Federal Department of Education ... to serve individuals with disabilities, those who live in poverty, American Indians, immigrants and those with limited English proficiency (Duncan). A big factor that many people do not think of when it comes to education is lobbying, a type of legal bribery. Lobbyists work for...

• Word Count: 1563
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." This court's purpose is not to decide whether or not speech is protected ... degree it is protected in the Nation's current times. In order to determine this, we turn to the clear and present danger test as developed in Schenck v. United States, 249 US 47 (O"Brien, 389), by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes. When applying the clear and present danger...

• Word Count: 1322
• Approx Pages: 5

... in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Our current process is to select a jury of six to twelve people from a jury pool. Currently this potential jury pool is taken from the tax register, motor vehicle records or voter registrations lists of the county ... do, but they don't participate in the deliberations until they replace an original juror. The jury selection begins with the court clerk's calling twelve people on the jury list and asking them to take a place in the jury box. The judge usually makes a brief statement explaining what kind of ... a reasonabl...

• Word Count: 1709
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... paradox. Forty-four percent of Americans attend church once a week, not counting funerals, christenings and baptisms, compared with twenty-seven percent of people in Great Britain, twenty-one percent of the French, four percent of Swedes and three percent of Japanese. These statistics show how heavily ... are to unmarried. (National 1) Almost three million violent crimes were committed in the United States last year. (White 1) One and a half million people were arrested for drug use in 1999. (White 2) Many school prayer supporters believe there is a direct correlation between the exclusi...

• Word Count: 1650
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography

... through established brothels and are forbidden to work out of their homes. All prostitutes and brothels must be licensed and the brothels must provide the prostitutes with personal doctors who test all of the prostitutes for sexually transmitted diseases, and HIV tests are done on a monthly basis and condoms are mandatory. When prostitution is legalized, not only are the pimps, who ... privacy. In 1905 during the case of Lochner v. New York Mr. Justice Holmes made a closing statement appropriate to the issue of the constitutionality of Prostitution. [The Constitution] is made for people...

• Word Count: 1528
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Censorship has been a major part of American history. From biblical times to present day, people in positions of power, government officials, and private individuals have consistently wanted to suppress materials they consider to be unacceptable. Fortunately, there are also heroes in history who fight against ... argued that artistic representations have a strong impact on the formation of character. He believed that even if the tales told are true, they should not be taught to "thoughtless young people." Plato writes, "A child cannot distinguish the allegorical sense from the literal, and t...

• Word Count: 1720
• Approx Pages: 7

... officers, as they think proper in the President alone, or in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments." Hamilton was strongly opinionated to believing that the real test of a government was its tendency and aptitude to produce a well working administration. The president alone is giving the responsibility to nominate and chose men or women for higher office but ... the Senate could take part in monitoring him. His nominees were able to be rejected and opposed by Congress which prevents the appointment of people with incapable character from holding office. In this essay, Hamilt...

• Word Count: 1599
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... impossible. The fact that the U.S. Supreme Court has not reviewed a physician-assisted suicide case, which would create precedent, constitutes a dilemma for the state courts in that there is no uniform test or ruling by which to decide. Most states have developed their own laws to, more often than not, make doctor-assisted suicide illegal. However, when a case comes to trial it ... becomes less clear. Many of these states have a hard time grouping physician-assisted suicide with homicide. The case which Michigan judges cite in refusing this linkage of criminality is the People of the St...

• Word Count: 1550
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to trial anybody suspected of plotting against the federal government. This act stopped legitimate political discussion, and was criticized for this reason. People who spoke against the government either bowed to the pressure or were punished because of this act. This act expired in the 1800s ... from interfering with a person's religion. Religious actions and rituals can be limited by civil and federal laws. Assembly Freedom of Assembly allows people to assemble peacefully. This freedom was constantly overstepped by the British for many years. Freedom of assembly is sometimes used interc...

• Word Count: 2064
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography

... to trial anybody suspected of plotting against the federal government. This act stopped legitimate political discussion, and was criticized for this reason. People who spoke against the government either bowed to the pressure or were punished because of this act. This act expired in the 1800s ... government from interfering with a person's religion. Religious actions and rituals can be limited by civil and federal laws. Freedom of Assembly allows people to assemble peacefully. This freedom was constantly overstepped by the British for many years. Freedom of assembly is sometimes used inte...

• Word Count: 2212
• Approx Pages: 9

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution says: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no ... the informant's "basis of knowledge" and would require some evidence of the tip's "veracity" or "reliability." Using this test the case would have to be thrown out because the police did not even know who the informant was. But the Court in Gates changed this standard and ... a neutral and detached magistrate, even if the warrant ultimately is found to be invalid. In the Le...

• Word Count: 1545
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Should a man who has been arrested for directly being involved with the murder of thousands of people on September 11 of 2001 have the right to have a defense attorney? The founders of our great nation who wrote the United States Constitution believe so. Not only that, but ... criminal justice system. In the past few years alone we have encountered several horrific acts of violence which challenged our freedoms and put our courts to the test. It is those extreme cases that make people question certain rights, such as the right to defense council. It is clearly written in the United States Co...

• Word Count: 1618
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography

... in California, forty-five electors represented 7,867,043 actual votes, hence California's electoral votes to actual votes ratio was 1 to 174,823. Therefore, one electoral vote in California represented more people's popular votes than did all three electoral votes for the state of Alaska. (Houser, 3) The most popularly sought after reform of the Electoral College is to elect presidents solely based ... needs to be abolished. Judith Best announced to the House Committee on the Judiciary on September 4, 1997 that, "No election system is perfect, but the current system has borne the test o...

• Word Count: 1466
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a matter of opinion. Each has its positives and negatives, and the choice for which to use in any nation depends on the nation, its people, its existing political subdivisions. The United States was a series of colonies under the British unitary system; upon the execution of the Revolution, the United ... whim of political party bosses. Some want a return to an emphasis on dual federalism as a returning of power to a government closer to the people, and therefore under better popular control. There are many problems with this, however, as many states found in the Reagan era. President Re...

• Word Count: 2255
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... some degree a government instituted policy. It became most noticeable in the 1960's civil rights movement that was designed to break down the barriers of segregation and exclusion against people of minority status. People of minority status encompassed a broad spectrum of individuals. During the 1960's when affirmative action policies were flourishing, the minorities were essentially those who were not white, male ... his opinion that "No one doubts that there has been serious racial discrimination in this country. But as the basis for imposing discriminatory legal remedies that work aga...

• Word Count: 1573
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the elementary school P.T.A., the Teamsters Union, the Southern Baptist Convention, the American Numismatics Association, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Brangus Breeders Association, the American Civil Liberties Union, the Cosa Nostra, and the Benevolent Order of Elks. Interest groups typically have formal admission to membership, dues, elected ... the power of the government, and perhaps, issues which need to be addressed, will then become debatable; thereby being a true democracy. Furthermore, when a proper...

• Word Count: 1380
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... stated that this nation was "dedicated to the proposition that all men were created equal." Our nation founded itself on this simple thought because its people were tired of the tyranny and oppression caused by rule under Great Britain. The early Americans wanted many things, from their own laws to religious ... conceived and so dedicated can long endure."(Lincoln). Lincoln himself was worried about what the effects of the war would bring. It was truly a test of the heart of the United States as to whether or not it could overcome such a trying time. Times ironically sparked by the same ...

• Word Count: 1438
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to discriminate whites just because they discriminated minorities before. Focusing on African Americans, they were discriminated through slavery. Slavery did not end till the end of the Civil War. Many people ignore the fact that "for several hundred years, Negroes have been discriminated against not as individuals, but rather solely because of the color of their skins." Government must find a ... that raced-based affirmative action admissions policies at UC should not be reinstated because they are unlawful and unjust. The special programs created by the University of California, Davi...

• Word Count: 1800
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... means. The second amendment which reads, "A Well Regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." Many believe that the meaning of the second amendment is that anyone and everyone should ... control there have been many terrors on American soil throughout the course of history that have implemented the idea in the minds of the American people that unless regulated under government supervision an armed man can do nothing but commit treachery and evil. Many of the so called uprising, or ... order ...

• Word Count: 1918
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate