... in a ceremony for him to receive the crown at the Cathedral of Notre Dame on December 2, 1804, Napoleon took the crown from the hands of Pope Pius VII and crowned himself. In 1805 Napoleon declared himself Emperor of Italy and added all the land from Genoa to France to his Empire. After ... and Napoleon took more land from Austria to add to their Empire. That same year Napoleon said that the Papal States belonged to France, when Pope Pius VII responded with an excommunication he was arrested and forced to sign an annulment to Napoleon's marriage with Josephine de Bauhinias because she was...

• Word Count: 1970
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography

... some humanistic ideals into his innovatory view of the state. Machiavelli stressed the need to conquer new lands and for princes to maintain their power through any means necessary, using Alexander VI, Cesare Borgia, and Julius II as his primary examples. He modeled his treatise on that of Aristotle's Politics, and his premise of how princes should conduct themselves morally was ... become a successful and longstanding political leader. This respect for the individual thinker was a definite humanistic reference. Humanistic thought did not flourish in Rome until the papacy of Pope Nichol...

• Word Count: 2321
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate