... Participants were more amused by cartoons when adopting a facial expression close to a smile than when producing an expression resembling a frown. (4) Action tendencies. For example, preparing to advance in a threatening way is associated with anger, whereas preparing to retreat is associated with fear (Frijda, Kuipers, & terSchure, 1989). It is very important to bear in mind that these four factors are not ... . Many incentives are rewards. They can produce pleasure and reinforce behaviour that leads to them. Some incentives are primary reinforcers able to act as rewards independently ...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate