... , damage to other organs resulting from lack of surgical expertise, urine retention caused by swelling and inflammation, chronic infections of bladder and vagina, excessive scar tissue, formation of cysts on the stitch line, child birth obstruction, and the risk of HIV infection (World Health Organization, 2000)." The origins of female circumcision are relatively unknown. "It existed before the ... organizations and social clubs to mobilize communities against the practice (Chelala, 1998). -Alternative rituals; where mother and daughters would participate in a six-day training session tha...

• Word Count: 2909
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate