... , a very unstable time in Italian history. Although Pius was the first of the modern popes, who held little modern ideas, he managed to retain a place in the hearts of most Catholics at the time. Pius IX continually stressed the teachings and moral lessons of Catholicism. In 1854, Pius wrote The Immaculate Conception of Mary, a Christian document that absolved the Virgin Mary from the fall of Adam and original sin. This document served to increase ... that there was a Revolution taking place in Italy, and especially in Rome, and still the struggles against and threats of Protestantism an...

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... , it generated change in many ways. The Renaissance began around the year 1400, at the end of the Middle Ages, which lasted from the fall of Rome in 500 to about 1350, and ended around 1700. The Middle Ages gave rise to various agricultural developments and an increase in education, causing people to question what the church taught them. This brought on the humanist movement. The Renaissance completely changed how man viewed himself ... , which is apparent in the artwork, literature and scientific advances of the ... ...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... geography, constituting a broadening of outlook. The discovery of the telescope enabled humanists to ascertain the real position of the Earth and helped Galileo to substantiate his heliocentric model of the solar system, constituting a great advancement in the field of astronomy, and re-emphasized mankind's ability as a human and his achievements and potential, adding to the ideal of humanism which was a characteristic of the Renaissance. Another cause of the Renaissance was the re-discovery of classical manuscripts. The fall of Constantinople in 1453 ... by the Turks caused a migration...

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• Grade Level: Graduate

... had fallen, numerous wars took place, epidemics struck, the drainage was poor, farmers had poor quality tools, and deaths occurred more easily and frequently. Even in other chapters of the book, Manchester cites many examples, such as the corrupted church, another main point of his book, apathy among citizens, said to be the main cause of Rome's fall, and also the decline of knighthood and manners. All this and more led ... to what is known as "The Dark Ages". "The Shattering" chiefly covered my second point, but the corruption of the church could be noted throughout the entire book. Th...

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... understand them, which is a true belief in modern society but back then when there was no separation of the church and state and Galileo was not allowed to say things like this if the church didn't believe in it. Pope Urban VIII summoned Galileo to Rome to go on trial and he was forced to recant his opinions and he was put on house ... arrest until his death. Isaac Newton built upon the earlier work of Copernicus and Galileo and used mathematics to describe gravity as the force that keeps planets revolving around the sun. He also explained that this same force is what causes objects to...

• Word Count: 924
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate