... is called Deism, the idea that God created the universe like a master engineer and then left it to run on its own. Philosophes centered mainly in Paris, including Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau. Locke argued in detail, mainly in writings associated with the Revolution of 1688 that certain rights self-evidently pertain to individuals as human beings, because they existed in ... specific philosophical projects. First, he untiringly worked to introduce empiricism, as it was practiced by the English, into French intellectual life. Voltaire's most famous book, Candide, a novel which he pu...

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