... environment initiates a change in the genes function) which are incorporated into the cell during transduction. Alternatively oncogenes are formed by a mutation of a gene already present in the cell. Oncogenes cause cancer by increasing the growth of cells. This is achieved by the oncogene encoded product interacting at several points in the growth factor, receptors and signalling pathways which stimulate cell growth ... sometimes made continuous. Tumour suppressor genes have a slightly different effect as they are present in the body normally; it is the inactivation of such genes by muta...

• Word Count: 3615
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: High School

... the first gene, a segment of bacterial DNA, that plays a role in sugar metabolism. 1970: University of Wisconsin researchers synthesize a gene from scratch. Peter Vogt and Peter Duesberg identify the first cancer-causing gene 1972: Paul Berg and colleagues cut and splice genes from viruses to create the first molecules of recombinant DNA Bruce Ames discovers ... cancer-causing chemicals mutates DNA; leads to invention of Ames test for carcinogens. 1973: Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer insert an African clawed toad gene into bacterial DNA. 1975: Scientists meet ... decode genome of a f...

• Word Count: 2807
• Approx Pages: 11