, 2003). The lack of adequate education, training, experience in the past, to some extent, explain some of the difficulties women experience in obtaining management jobs.
In most cases, women are experiencing no problems getting the lower level management positions. Some of the jobs that women are able to obtain are personnel managers, actuarial, insurance and pension managers, and marketing managers. These are the types that are supposedly a "woman's job". Some other positions may be executive, administrative, development, and services. But why is it that most top management positions are held by white men?.
Glass Ceiling research reveals that women of all racial and ethnic groups are most likely to be employed in the service industries and in finance, real estate, wholesale, and retail trade. Nearly seventy five percent of women are employed in these industries (Redwood, The Glass Ceiling). There are multitudes of jobs that women are not deemed capable of handling for some reason. Some of the jobs that one does not find many women in are manufacturing, construction, transportation, and public utilities. Women are often fared better in professional and financial services, as well as the public service, compared to other sectors. In all cases, however, their access to top managerial jobs remains severely restricted.
There are many different beliefs as to why women are unable to advance in the corporate environment. Certain barriers are believed to be stopping them from advancing. Factor's contributing to the slow pace of change point to the maintenance of traditional views on men and women's social and economic roles. Some views stem largely from the woman's primary responsibility for family care and welfare. These views affect the choices made by men and women in terms of study courses and the type of job they seek. At the same time, educational systems, the media, and recruitment and promotion procedures have often institutionalized certain gender biases and unwittingly continue to perpetuate discriminatory practices with regard to women (Breaking through International Labor, 2003).