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In the early 1950's the source of Down syndrome was discovered in the 21st chromosome referred to as trisomy 21 (O'Connor). Since then, there have been tests that allow the detection of Down syndrome before the birth of the child. Scientists will now be able to go above and beyond the currently available tests for genetic disorders such as Down syndrome and Tay-Sachs disease. With the ability to decipher a fetus's complete genome it will be possible to statistically predict a child's future health, for example, the probability that they will develop melanoma. The two types of genes that play a role in cancer are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The oncogenes are mutations of the normal genes that control what type of cell is being created and how often it divides. When a cell is able to evade the checkpoints in the life cycle of the cell it is able to divide rapidly without the control of the tumor suppressor genes, which slow cell division, leading to cancer (Oncogenes Tumor Suppressor). With the ability to study the child's genome that is at major risk for this mutation, doctors could have the chance to almost restart the gene, stopping cancer before it even begins. .
This approach to diseases is opening doors by creating new ways to handle or prevent life threatening conditions and generate personalized medicine. Every year in America, more than two million citizens have severe side effects from "one size fits all" prescription medicines. Many cases have proven to be fatal, but the answer lies in a person's genetic code (FAQ about Genes). By having an infant's genome available, medicine that is modified specifically for that person will be accessible throughout his or her life. This would improve the quality of life and revolutionize health care. Finding the proper dose through trial and error will be a tactic of the past, making the prescription of antidepressants, chemotherapy, and other medications easier and less painful for patients.