Burgess.
Hoyt.
MIGRATION.
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. It can be permanent, temporary, voluntary or forced. It can be international or internal. .
Push factors are those which force a person to move. This can include drought, famine, lack of jobs, over population and civil war. .
Pull factors are those which encourage a person to move. These include a chance of a better job, better education, a better standard of living.
URBANISATION.
The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. Urbanisation occurs because people move from rural areas to urban areas. This usually occurs when a country is still developing. Prior to 1950 the majority of urbanisation occurred in MEDCs. Rapid urbanisation took place during the period of industrialisation in Europe and North America in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Many people moved from rural to urban areas to get jobs in expanding industries in large towns and cities. Since 1950 urbanisation has slowed in most MEDCs, and now some of the biggest cities are losing population as people move away from the city to rural environments. This is known as counter-urbanisation. .
Since 1950 the most rapid growth in urbanisation has occurred in LEDCs in South America, Africa and Asia. Between 1950 and 1990 the urban population living in LEDCs doubled. In developed countries the increase was less than half. .
There are three main causes of urbanisation in LEDCs .
1. Rural to urban migration is happening on a massive scale due to population pressure and lack of resources in rural areas. .
2. People living in rural areas are 'pulled' to the city. Often they believe that the standard of living in urban areas will be much better in urban areas. People also hope for well paid jobs, the greater opportunities to find casual or 'informal' work, better health care and education. .
3. Natural increase caused by a decrease in death rates while birth rates remain high.