Liebniz holds opposing views in explaining good and bad. Liebniz states " God does everything in the most desirable way" (Liebniz 3). If in fact God is continuously maintaining all existence, he maintains both bad and good. Every action by individual requires direct divine activity in efforts to form a pre-established harmony. Thus, every bounce of my basketball, every hit of my fingertip on the keyboard, every step I take requires not only that I desire to do those actions, but also that God desires me to do them as well.
During the 17th century Leibniz contradicted many of the mainstream philosophical views. At a time where dualism was a popular belief, Leibniz questioned whether substances of the mind and body were the same. From a dualist point of view the substances of the mind and body are different, however Leibniz showed through his work that they are the same. Leibniz describes every substance as completely determinate, meaning that every predication of that substance contains the essence of that particular substance. The concept of the God's perfection is exemplified in the statement "In the case of the simplest substances, the influence one monad has upon the other is only ideal, It can have its effect only through the mediation of God- (51). This is saying that god selects these particular monads and places them in a pre-established harmony. Monads are representative of a windowless soul that has a predetermined direction that is positioned by means of god. Monads have not the ability to influence one another physically because they communicate through ideas not perceptions. There is no perception, only ideas according to Liebniz. Leibniz argues, "Our soul expresses god and the universe and all essences as well as all existences. This position is in accord with my principles that naturally nothing enters the mind from the outside" (44). God is the sole influencer, by taking into account everything that could possibly be learned, communicated, or thought and situating harmony to the monad.