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Topographic Surveying

The leveling screws raise and lower the gun by turning them in either direction until the gun is level by checking the circular spirit level to see if the air bubble is within the center circle, once the air bubble is in the circle the gun is properly leveled. It is a good idea to turn the instrument 90 degrees in any direction and recheck the spirit level to ensure it is indeed level. There are also optical adjustments so the image seen is in focus, as well as adjustments for the crosshairs so they can be darkened as needed for the viewer. .
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             Each measurement the surveyor takes are important in determining the elevation of a location. Each measurement has an associated term that the surveyor must be familiar with. A benchmark (BM) is a permanent point of known elevation; every differential leveling measurement begins and ends at a benchmark. Turning points (TP) are temporary points used to transfer an elevation. The backsight (BS) measurement is a reading taken on a point of known elevation to establish the elevation of the instrument line of site. This is used to determine the height of instrument (HI) by adding the known elevation and BS. Foresight (FS) measurements are rod readings taken on a turning point, where the gun has not moved locations. Intermediate sight measurements are any other rod reading taken at points where the elevation is required. These measurements as well as a few simple mathematical equations are how the surveyor determines elevation for a location.
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             Surveyors strive to be as accurate as they can, attempting to eliminate human error or at least limit it as much as possible. However not all work needs to be done to the same level of accuracy. For example if a job is do bulldoze a hill for a construction project is it necessary for the surveyor to get measurements to the exact hundredth of a foot? The answer is most likely no but might quite possibly be yes.


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