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Cognitive Functioning with Psychological Measures

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             2.1.2 Binet's Idea of Intelligence.
             Binet and Simon were appointed to develop a method of identifying mentally handicapped children so that specialised education could be provided for them. They deemed intelligence to involve higher mental processes such as reasoning and judgement, instead of sensorimotor abilities like Galton and Cattell. They believed, an intelligent person is able to make sound judgements, reason well and use common sense. .
             They postulated that higher mental processes should develop and increase as the child ages and so their tests were grouped according to the age at which most kids responded correctly to that item, and items that did not differentiate between age levels were not used. The scores on tests were given in terms of the subjects' mental age or level. For example, a 9 year old whose performance equalled that of a 6 year old would be given a mental age of 6. This test was adapted for cross-cultural use in many countries because it was a practical measure of intelligence. .
             Terman, further adapted it to be utilised in America and it became known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. This is currently the most widely used measure of intelligence (Walsh & Betz, 1995). He contributed what we know today as an "IQ score " which is obtained from the following formula: Intelligence quotient = mental age chronological age x 100, this represents a relationship between mental age and chronological age. It provides an indication of an individual's functioning compared to their age group and makes allowances for the development of cognitive ability over time (Van Eden & De Beer, 2005). .
             2.2 Spearman's 2 Factor Theory.
             Charles Spearman used the statistical technique of factor analysis. He took scores from an assortment of tests and analysed them in order to identify common aspects. He concurred with Galton's ˜general mental ability' theory based on proof that tests share constructs.


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