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A Study of Retroviruses


             Downstream of LTR is a region of PBS called as primer binding site which allows the RNA primer to bind and to synthesize DNA strand by reverse transcriptase enzyme.
             Then there is a psi ᵠ sequence hich allows for packaging of viral proteins in the mature virus.
             Then there are 4 basic genes which code for particular proteins for eg. Gag gene-which codes for capsid protein, matrix protein,and nuclear capsid protein.
             Pro gene-which codes for enzyme protease.
             Pol gene-which codes for integrase and reverse transcriptase.
             Env gene-which codes for surface proteins and transmembrane protein.
             Then there is a region called as PPT which stands for polypurine tract which extends the newly synthesized DNA strand.
             3` LTR acts or carries out termination of transcription.
             REPLICATION OF RETROVIRUS.
             1)ATTACHMENT/ENTRY.
             The virus when enters the body it attacks the T-cell.
             The surface protein of virus attaches to the receptors of CD4 cell thus changing its conformation and capsid along with matrix is ejected by fusing the membranes.then capsid and matrix is.
             denatured leavind behind the RNA and certain enzymes.
             .
             2)REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION AND DNA SYNTHESIS.
             In this step the RNA primer and reverse transcriptase brings about reverse transcribes the RNA by adding deoxyribose nucleotide of the host genome.thus synthesizing CDNA which is again reverse transcribe with the help of DNA polymerase the 2nd strand is synthesized.
             3) TRANSPORT TO NUCLEUS AND INTEGRATION.
             Once the double stranded DNA is synthesized it is taken by the enzyme inegrase into the nucleus where it forms the nicks in the host chromosomes and integrates the DNA inside the host chromosomes.
             4)VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION.
             The RNA polymerase binds to one of the template DNA and add complementary ribose nucleotide. Then RNA enters the cytoplasm.
             5)VIRAL TRANSLATION.
             The ribosomes present in the cytoplasm carryout the translation of viral proteins while some RNA'S are left unexpressed.


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