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Thirty Years War


            
             The Thirty Years War started out as religious and political quarrels, but its true purpose was to prevent the Habsburgs from maintaining supreme dominance in the Holy Roman Empire. Religion was the concern in the beginning and is what eventually signaled the war. A simple, yet meaningful act triggered the war when two of King Ferdinand's officials were thrown off a building by Protestant followers. From that moment on, it became the Catholics, versus the Protestants. This eventually led the Protestants to seize Bohemia and ask Elector Frederick of the Palatinate to become their king. He accepted, only to be overtaken by two very powerful Spanish and Bavarian armies. Protestantism in Bohemia was wiped out (Civilization: Past and Present, Concise Version pg. 319). Unfortunately, this only made things worse, and political issues soon became the main focus. This was seen when Gustavus Adolphus entered the war. His reasons for entering the war may at first have seemed to be religious in nature, but at a closer look, it was really to preserve his brother's kingdom, trade, and to expand his territory. Not far from Adolphus" ulterior motives was Cardinal Richelieu of France. Their main idea was to "liberate France (and Sweden) from Habsburg encirclement" (pg. 320). Not only did they want the freedom to choose their own religion, but they wanted the freedom of the Habsburg rule as well. When Gustavus died in 1632, France kept the cause alive by engaging war with Spain for thirteen more years. In 1648, a settlement was made at Westphalia. The peace of Augsburg was reinforced and included Calvinism as a choice of religion for rulers to choose from. In the end, France became the dominating country, and the Habsburgs" rule was diminished.
            


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