1. Byzantine Empire
Legal disputes, for instance, were often resolved by means of trial by battle or by recourse to painful and perilous ordeals. Around the time of the First Crusade it was becoming increasingly common for convicted felons to suffer death or mutilation, a departure from the traditional empha owed to his lord? Did a given criminal's offence merit execution, and had a competent authority convicted him? How perilous need a knight's predicament in battle be, or how desperate the condition of a besieged castle, before surrender could be countenanced without dishonor? The list of such questions is potentially very long because reactions to violence .
In November 1095 a church council was meeting in Clermont under the chairmanship of Pope Urban II. On the 27th, with the council coming to an end, the churchmen, together with some lay people mostly from the countryside around, assembled in a field outside the town and the pope preached them a sermon in which he called on Frankish knights to vow to march to the East with the twin aims of freeing Christians from the yoke of Islamic rule and liberating the tomb of Christ, the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, from Muslim control. As soon as he had finished Adhémar of Monteil, the bishop of Le Puy who was to be appointed Urban's representative on the expedition, came forward and was the first to take the cross, while the crowd called out 'God wills it!' Although the eyewitness accounts of this assembly and the pope's sermon were written later and were colored by the triumph that was to follow, they give the impression of a piece of deliberate theatre--a daring one, given the risk involved in organizing an out-of-doors event at the start of winter--in which the actions of the leading players and the acclamation of the crowd had been worked out in advance. .
The crusading movement had begun in the melodramatic fashion, which was to be typical of it thereafter.
First of all, Vonnegut subtitles the book "The Children's Crusade" to show how the violent crusades we fight are fought by children, and that all crusades are childish (Hartshorne 444). ... Most readers would argue, however, that Vonnegut has actually succeeded in making a thing of great beauty out of a collection of tragic moments. ...
Mott and Stanton became allies to fight the crusade for women's rights because the female delegates attending the convention were denied recognition. ... Then, in 1881, Stanton and Anthony published the first volume of the History of Woman Suffrage, a collection of writings about the struggles of the movements, but it didn't stop there and two more volumes were published in the next five years. ... Her crusade lasted for over fifty years of her life, as she learned and profited from her mistakes and failures, realizing that everything isn't perfect. ...
Crosby marks out the history of Western expansion from the Crusades through the colonization of the Canary Islands, the Western Hemisphere, Oceania and Africa. ... As European diseases killed off the inatives of the colonized lands, European settlers arrived with a collection of deliberate (animals and food) and accidental (pests) things to the new lands. ...
The new antislavery crusade had a strong sectional character, and the activists criticized human bondage as contrary to the principles of republicanism and liberty, which was accepted as a "necessary evil." ... Internet Resources for Students of Afro-American History. http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rulib/socsci/hist/afrores.html: This site is indexed and linked to a wide variety of sources, including primary documents, text collections, and archival sources on African American history. ...
Later on during the Crusades it was reported that the Pope sent a ship laden with hospital supplies and able to serve as a transport ship for patients to Jerusalem. ... The collection was submitted to the special collections by Miss Alya Ray Taylor in the form of correspondence, photographs and a diary. ...
Medicine Europe saw the development of care for the sick in many ways, but there is a notable development in the way hospitals were set up during the crusades, it appears that there was an influence from what had been seen in the Muslim countries. ... This was established under Louis IX after his return from a journey on the crusades between 1254 - 1260 (Stanton, 1953). ... The book was not just a collection and application of knowledge, but also contained many ideas of Ibn Sina's and looked to medical condition and diseases, the use of drugs and treatments as well as psychology and pat...
The Corpus Juris Civilis, otherwise known as the Body of Civil Law is the modern name for a collection of works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 535, by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor. ... The Fourth Crusade took place from 1202 AD to 1204 AD and was originally intended to conquer the Muslim controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and sacked the Christian city of Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. ...
A diverse collection of documents, literature and archaeology pave the way to our understanding of the ancient mythology of the Celts. ... The most acknowledged Irish piece contains a collection of prose tales, known as the Ulster Cycle.2 Within these epic stories, the heroes swear not by God but by the gods of their tribes. ...