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History and Types of Computers

The problem of heat and maintenance were solved and size of computers was reduced, speed and reliability was increased as well.
             The most popular second generation computer was IBM-140, introduced in 1960 while UNIVAC-III and NCR-300 were also used.
             Application :-.
             The major applications were record keeping, payroll processing, files and batch oriented applications.
             Advantages :-.
             1. Smaller in size comparatively with 1st generation computers.
             2. Generate less heat.
             3. Hardware failures were minimized.
             4. Better portability.
             5. Commercially used.
             Limitations :-.
             1. Air conditioning was required.
             2. Frequent maintenance was required.
             3. Very costly.
             Third Generation :-.
             The third generation was spanned on just five years duration that is from 1965 to 1970. In this generation the Integrated Circuits IC's were used. An IC contains many electronic circuits in a single chip. This made five millions executions of instructions per second possible and computer could store at that time about 8 million characters. There was a big flexibility with input/Output devices. The disk oriented systems were made. The size of computer became very small with better performance. High level programming languages were extensively used. In 1969 the first microprocessor chip INTEL-4004 was developed but it was used only in calculators. Arithmetic and logic operations were performed in microseconds even in nanoseconds that is 1/1000000000 seconds!!!. The faster input and output devices made possible multiprocessing and multiprogramming. Whereas a number of input terminals could be run virtually at the same time on a single centrally located computer. The famous computers of that generation were IBM-360, IBM-370, UNIVAC-9000 series etc.
             Applications :-.
             Computer was used for Airline reservations, market forecasting, credit card & billing etc.
             Advantages :-.
             1. Smaller & reliable.
             2. Heat generation was rare.
             3. Computations were performed in nanoseconds.
             4. Hardware failure was very rare.


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