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Model of classical conditioning

            The model of classical conditioning introduced by Balkenius is anaylzed with varying.
             They show that the learning converges under stable stimulus.
             sequences and further investigate how the asymptotic CR amptitude depends on CS and US .
             magnitude and timing the basis for the model is the view that the goal of classical conditioning.
             is to establishi a temporal gradient that represents the distance to the goal event.
             Mower's two process theory of phobic aquistion and maintenance seemed to deal with.
             the inadquancies of the original contiguity- based classical conditioning model. This proposed.
             that the phobia is aquired in the same way as the original model but it is maintained by a process.
             of instrumental conditioning, in which the instrumental response, avoidance is negatively .
             reinforced by the cessation of anxiety, thus accounting for the phenomenon of incubation. Still .
             though, there remains a number of criticisms applicable to Mower's model and the original .
             classical conditioning model firstly, not everyone with phobia reports an aversive conditioning .
             experience that brought the phobia on. A second criticism concerns the issue of the lack of.
             equipotentiality of phobic stimuli. In other words, why is it that animal, height and water phobia.
             are so very common when phobias of guns, knives and electrical outlets are unknown, even .
             though the second group is the most likely to produce a traumatic outcome. This was explained.
             as the phenomenon as being due to "biological preparedness." This is a theory which states.
             that humans are genetically predisposed to learn to fear objects and situations that have .
             threatened the survival of the species throughout it's evolutionary history. This theory neatly .
             explains the wide occurence of spider and snake phobias, since throughout the history of man.
             their bites have proved to be fatally dangerous and their avoidance would therefore be advan-.
             tageous and explainable in terms of the evolutionary process of natural selection.


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... or observational learning, Bandura et al. (1961) argued, is a form of secondary learning, by which we observe and model our behavior on those around us. Bryan and Test (1967) also stated that behavior could be learned through learning. Imitation, as it is also termed, is a less time consuming alternative to operant conditioning, which has proved to be a long and tedious process. It also ... between the action taking place and the reinforcement that follows. The social learning theory differs to the behaviorist theories of Classical and Operant conditioning in that they see the mechanism...

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2. Psychology and Classical Conditioning

... It stresses that the experiences and environmental influences plays a vital role with our learning and these learning happens through the course of "Conditioning" or "modelling". (Gross and Mcilveen, 1998, P16). The Classical Conditioning model theory illustrates that we learn by association and response is connected or associated with another to aid the learning process. This ... learning process was first demonstrated by Pavlov (1903) in his famous experiment with dogs. The dog learnt to salivate to the ringing of a bell by associating it with food, ... be rewarded with food and avoid ...

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