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Acids, Bases & Salts


             Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) à H2 (g) + ZnSO4 (aq).
             Acids release hydrogen in water solutions. When an acid dissolves in water, the acid ionizes, releasing both hydrogen ions and ions of a nonmetal or nonmetallic polyatomic ion. Thus, when hydrochloric acid is dissolved in water, the acid ionizes, forming hydrogen ions and chloride ions, as shown in the following equation:.
             HCl (aq) à H+ (aq) + Cl1- (aq).
             Other examples:.
             H2SO4 (aq) à 2 H+ (aq) + SO42- (aq).
             H3PO4 (aq) à 3 H+ (aq) + PO43- (aq).
             Special example:.
             HC2H3O2 (aq) ß -> H+ (aq) + C2H3O21- (aq) .
             Note the use of the double arrow in the ionization of acetic acid. We know that acetic acid is a weak acid. The smaller arrow pointing to the right indicates that the change to the right (ionization) is relatively small. This means that, in a solution of acetic acid, we have a large number of acetic acid molecules and few hydrogens and few acetate ions. .
             Thus acids are defined as substances that release hydrogen ions in solution. It is these H+ (aq) that are responsible for the properties of acids. .
             .
             How Acids are Prepared: .
             Acids may be prepared when certain gases, related to acids, are dissolved in water and when certain salt compounds, again related to acids, are allowed to react with sulfuric acid. .
             CO2 (g) + H2O (l) à H2CO3 (aq) carbonic acid .
             2 NaCl (s) + H2SO4 (aq) + heat à 2 HCl (g) + Na2SO4 (aq) .
             Uses of Acids: .
             Sulfuric acid is the chemical most widely used in industry. Sulfuric acid is also used to make other acids such as hydrochloric and nitric acid because the boiling point of sulfuric acid is higher that that of other acids. This allows the acid being produced to be distilled and collected separately from the starting material. .
             Sulfuric acid is also used to remove the surface oxide layers on metals (pickling) before the metals are coated with materials that prevent rusting.


Essays Related to Acids, Bases & Salts

1. Acid Rain

"What is Acid Rain?" ... In simple terms, acid rain is rain that is more acidic than normal. ... Other natural sources of acids and bases in the atmosphere may lower or raise the pH of unpolluted rain. ... Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining the delicate balance of salts and minerals in their tissues. ... If the fish are unable to absorb oxygen, the consequence could be the eventual suffocation of fish and the low pH could throw off the balance of salts in the fish tissue. ...

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2. The Importance of Buffers in the Body

Because of these consequences, such as death, the body uses buffers to control the pH of blood even when faced with high levels of acids or bases. ... Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffers, protein buffers, and phosphate buffers. ... Phosphate buffers use phosphate ions to neutralize strong acids and bases. These buffers will use calcium phosphate salts from bones and teeth to protect the body from strong acids, so too much ingestion of acids will wear down teeth and bones as a tradeoff. ... Buffers keep blood within very strict levels by neutralizing strong acids and bases that our body encounte...

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3. Excretory System

Most of the water and salts are returned to the body by the kidney. ... Tiny glandular pits, called the crypts of Lieberkuhn, open at the bases of the villi; these hold the and hide the enzymes that are needed in the intestinal digestion. ... Urine holds mostly excess water, salts, nitrogen compounds and unwanted wastes. ... Urea is the process in which protein, salts, amino acids and glucose are broken down; it contains nitrogen compounds. ...

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4. The Chemistry of Powder And Explosives

The contents of explosives are classified as: Explosive Bases - a liquid or solid compound that break down rapidly into gaseous products and heat energy upon application of shock or heat. ... The primary explosives differ in their level of sensitivity to heat and shock a trait that reflects the amount of heat or shock released(Thompson, 1940).Examples of this explosives include mercury fulminate, lead salts of picric acid, lead azide, tetracene and mixtures of potassium chlorate with red phosphorus(Davis, 1941). ... Permissible Types - This type of product has some similarities with the Low...

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5. The Scientific Method

Important Facts the smallest unit of life is the cell instructions for development are contained in DNA collectively, all of the chemical processes in a cell are called metabolism producers often obtain energy from the sun homeostasis refers to the ability to maintain a constant internal environment cells in domains archaea and eubacteria lack nucleii plants are multicellular producers an educated guess might be called a hypothesis science is based on evidence philosophy is not a step in the scientific method an atom is the smallest unit of substance that retains the properties of the subst...

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