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aggression


The other human drive is Eros. In this view, this drive toward death is the cause of any and all aggression, even wars (Lefkowitz, Eron, Walder, & Huesmann, 1977). Perhaps the reason that this theory was so widely accepted for such a long time is that most people cannot understand how a human being could commit some of the atrocities caused by aggression. Freud believed fully in this theory and expressed a belief that it is impossible to attempt to eliminate aggressiveness (Knutson, 1973). .
             For years, aggression was explained in terms of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, in which aggression is believed to be caused by frustration rather than an innate force. In this hypothesis, it is believed that frustration can have several outcomes, one of which is aggression, but that aggression is always the product of frustration (Goldstein, Glick, & Gibbs, 1998). Wright, Bateson, Montague and others, however, have studied cultures where aggression is actually an unusual byproduct of frustration. In addition, Buss has shown that only some kinds of frustration lead to aggression, while other kinds do not (Goldstein, Carr, Davidson, & Wehr, 1981). Frustrations that are seen as intentional bring about much more aggression than frustrations that are perceived as accidental (Feshbach, 1980). Thus, not only can frustration have results aside from aggression, but aggression is also caused by things other than frustration.
             According to Albert Bandura's social learning theory, it is not that frustration causes aggression, but that frustration may lead to the use of learned aggressive behaviors (Bandura, 1973). This theory suggests that aggression is learned in one of two ways: vicariously or directly. Aggression is learned vicariously, or through imitation, in one of three ways: family influence, subculture influence, and symbolic modeling. Children with high levels of aggression tend to come from families with a history of aggressive acts.


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