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frederick douglas


            Frederick Douglass (1817-1895), American abolitionist, orator, and writer, who escaped slavery and urged other blacks to do likewise before and during the American Civil War (1861-1865).
             Originally named Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland. He was the son of a slave, Harriet Bailey, and was self-educated. Poor treatment made him have a hatred of slavery, he failed in an attempt to escape in 1836, but two years later he succeeded and reached New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he took the name of Douglass.
             His career as an abolitionist began dramatically in 1841 at an antislavery convention in Nantucket, Massachusetts, where his unprepared address to the convention revealed him to be an orator of great expression. As a recent slave he worked with his back, now he was engaged as an agent of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society working with his mouth. His speeches in the following years in the northern states and his work for the Underground Railroad did much to advance the cause of the abolitionists and made his name a symbol of freedom and achievement among whites and blacks alike.
             In 1845, Douglass, at the urging of his friends, went to England to escape the danger of capture under the Fugitive Slave Law. His lectures in the British Isles on the slavery question in the United States aroused sympathy for the abolitionists' cause and encouraged his admirers to raise funds to purchase his freedom. After returning to the United States in 1847, Douglass became the "station-master and conductor" of the Underground Railroad in Rochester, New York, where he also established the abolitionist newspaper North Star, which he edited until 1860.
             During these years, Douglass became friendly with the American abolitionist John Brown and was given a hint of Brown's strategy of destroying "the money value of slave property" by training a force of men to help large numbers of slaves escape to freedom in the North via the Underground Railroad.


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