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MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Generally the Sympathetic is more dominant in mammals but not always.
             But what if the victim believed that resistance was futile? That their death was inevitable? Cannon suggested that due to the increased levels of and continuous production of epinephrine, it would cause the person to go into shock.
             Another explanation came from physiologist, Curt Richter, upon doing lab tests with rats he found that some could swim up to sixty hours whilst others simply stopped swimming and gave up after ten minutes. By taking electro cardiograms on the rats and placing electrodes on them he found that those who had drowned quickly had a number of elements that concluded that they had died, from over stimulation of the Para-Sympathetic system. It seemed they had simply given up, faced with the inevitability of their death hence Richer applied this in to the research on "Voodoo Death" Drawing the conclusion that victims die because the feelings of hopelessness lead to excessive responses of the Para-Sympathetic nervous system.
             Another famous explanation of voodoo death comes from anthropologist Barbara Lex. She refers to the concept of "tuning". Where the Sympathetic and Para-Sympathetic divisions are stimulated. " Tuning may be accomplished by direct stimulation of either the Sympathetic or Para sub-divisions of the autonomic nervous system, by use of certain drugs which excite or block one or the other sub-divisions or by types of mental activity"(Barbara Lex, Voodoo Death: New thoughts on an old explanation, American Anthropologist, 76:818-823).
             This tuning consists of three stages. Stage one results in response from one system increasing whilst the response in the other decreases. Stage two the Sympathetic responses reverse and extreme Para-Sympathetic responses set in, if stimulation continues the third phase can arise with simultaneous excitations of both the Sympathetic and Para-Sympathetic systems.


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