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Observational Learning

In the Bobo doll experiment, the children witnessed the Bobo doll being verbally and/or physically abused by live models and filmed models. .
             2. Retention: Observers must not only recognize the observed behavior but also remember it at some later time. This process depends on the observer's ability to code or structure the information in an easily remembered form or to mentally or physically rehearse the model's actions. The individual remembers what was noticed. In the Bobo doll experiment, the children imitated the aggression they witnessed in the video. They aggressively hit the Bobo doll because it was coded and store in their memory.
             3. Reproduction: Observers must be physically and/intellectually capable of producing the act. In many cases the observer possesses the necessary responses. The individual produces an action that is a copy of what was noticed. The individual has to translate the images or descriptions into actual behavior. The children had the physically capabilities of hitting and pummeling the doll to the ground.
             4. Motivation: Observers will perform the act only if they have some motivation or reason to do so. The presence of reinforcement or punishment, either to the model or directly to the observer, becomes most important in this process. In the Bobo doll experiment, the children witnessed the adults being rewarded for their aggression. Therefore, they performed the same act to achieve the rewards. Here are some motives that Bandura mentions:.
             a. past reinforcement, ala traditional behaviorism. .
             b. promised reinforcements (incentives) that we can imagine. .
             c. vicarious reinforcement -- seeing and recalling the model being reinforced.
             These are considered to be the things that cause learning. Bandura is saying that they don't so much cause learning as cause us to demonstrate what we have learned. He sees them as motives. .
             There are as well the negative motivations which gives you reasons not to imitate someone: .


Essays Related to Observational Learning

1. Psychology And Learning

... reward (unconditioned stimulus). After a training period, the rat will show the conditioned response of pressing the lever even without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus of the food. Observational learning occurs when a person or an animal uses observation of another's actions and their consequences to guide their own future actions. The person being observed is referred to as a model ... . For this reason observational learning is also referred to as modeling. Observational learning involves four stages, attention, retention, reproduction and motivation-reinforcement. Attention...

  • Word Count: 1228
  • Approx Pages: 5
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2. Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory

... the idea that people had the ability to learn information and behaviors by watching others. Bandura discovered that there were three basic models of observational learning: a live model, where an individual demonstrates or acts out a behavior, a verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and explanations of behavior, and a symbolic model, which ... behaviors are displayed by characters in books or films. Perhaps the most influential theory of learning and development, social learning is effective and successful through attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Att...

  • Word Count: 681
  • Approx Pages: 3
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3. Different Methods of Learning

... a psychologist discovered Classical Conditioning while working on digestion system of dogs. Classical conditioning deals with reflexive behaviors that are elicited by a stimulus and results from learning and association between two stimuli. Pavlov used special terms to describe each element of the classical conditioning. Unconditional stimulus is the example of the dogs food, unconditional ... drift refers to the fact that an animal's natural behavior patterns can affect operant by influencing what it is capable of learning. Alberta Bandura systematically investigated how new behaviors ...

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  • Approx Pages: 3
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4. The Practical Value of Learning Educational Psychology

... such as science. Individual preferences in learning environments and conditions also affect student achievement. II. Bandura's Social Learning Theory contributed a lot to our understanding about the learning process. Social learning theory is based on a recognition of the importance of observational learning and self-regulated learning. Bandura noted that learning through modeling-directly or vicariously-involves four ... phases: paying attention, retaining the modeled behavior, reproducing the behavior, and being motivated to repeat the behavior. Bandura proposed that students should b...

  • Word Count: 1000
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Has Bibliography
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5. Learning

... but they may reappear after a pause, response may be triggered by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus, but not by a dissimilar stimuli. The behaviorists optimism that learning principles would generalize from one response to another and from one species to another has been tempered. Conditioning principles we know are cognitively and biologically constrained. In classical conditioning ... , animals learn when to expect an unconditioned stimulus. Moreover biological predispositions make learning some associations easier than learning others. For example Rats are biologically predi...

  • Word Count: 926
  • Approx Pages: 4
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  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

6. Behavioural model

... consequences. It is also known as Skinnerian or instrumental conditioning. However, it is now believed that there are many other factors involved in human behaviour, such as cognitive factors, especially observational learning/modeling, and as most of these are based around experience, they are often grouped loosely together under the umbrella term of the social ... mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do." According to Bandura, the major theorist in the social learning theory, learning occurs in two ways: Response co...

  • Word Count: 1591
  • Approx Pages: 6
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7. Conditioning the Mind for Excellence

... pick up on surroundings and try to imitate them such as if a child constantly sees aggression in the home then they will most likely become an angrier more aggressive person. Observational learning can be very simple such as a child knowing that their mother is happy when she smiles while she is sad or angry when she frowns. In the 1960's, Albert Bandura ... began a series of tests to verify his hypothesis on observational learning. Children were placed in three different environments where they were exposed to adults that showed aggressive behavior, non aggressive behavior, and a contr...

  • Word Count: 1058
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

8. Tv Violence On Young Children

... , the information will be retrieved. For example, a simple verbal description of what the model performed would be a known as retention. Motor reproduction is another process in observational learning. The observer must be able to reproduce the model's behavior. The observer must learn and posses the physical capabilities of the modeled behavior. An example of motor reproduction would ... or ride a bike. Once a behavior is learned through attention and retention, the observer must posses the physically capabilities to produce the aggressive act. The final process in observational learning...

  • Word Count: 1782
  • Approx Pages: 7
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

9. Video Self-Modeling and Male Adolescents with Autism

... modeling, and its impact on the development of children was introduced long ago by Albert Bandura (1977) in his work on social learning theory. Video modeling is an evidence-based tool that combines the observational learning concept with the visual strategies identified as effective with children on the autism spectrum. Video self-modeling (VSM) is a specific application of video ... task behavior) (Coyle & Cole, 2004). Video modeling has its roots in behaviorism (Watson, 1997) and social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1969). This type of intervention relies on the theory of observational ...

  • Word Count: 1917
  • Approx Pages: 8
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

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