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Transcription And Protein Synthesis

            A gene is a nucleotide sequence on a strand of DNA. The "one gene - one polypeptide" hypothesis states that a single gene provides the code for a specific enzyme, protein or polypeptide. This means the gene provides the instructions to build a polypeptide but it does not build it directly; it needs RNA as a bridge. The four nucleotides adenine, thymine/uracil, guanine and cytosine are the monomer bases for DNA and RNA (nucleotides only fit to a complementary nucleotide; A-T/U and C-G; this is called the base-pairing rule). In polypeptides and proteins the monomer bases are the 20 amino acids. Since the information is encoded in two different chemical languages, transcription and translation are used to get from one language to the other. Transcription is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA. Because both DNA and RNA use the same language, the transcription phase is just the copying of information from one molecule to the other. In order for the copy to be made, the DNA must unwind and separate. An enzyme pries apart the two strands of DNA and attaches the RNA nucleotides to their complementary base-pairs along the DNA template. This enzyme is called the RNA polymerase. The RNA polymerase scans the DNA until it finds a start sequence. The start sequence of three specific nucleotides is called the promoter. In Eukaryotic cells (a cell with a membrane closed nucleus and membrane closed organelles), transcription factors can turn the transcription process on and off as needed. The RNA polymerase then works its way up the DNA moving from the 5" end to the 3" end. As it moves only, the RNA polymerase continues to unwind the double helix DNA exposing 10-20 bases at a time. The enzyme adds nucleotides to the 3" end of the growing RNA molecule. Transcription continues until the RNA polymerase transcribes a DNA sequence called a terminator. This is a signal for the enzyme to stop copying the template.


Essays Related to Transcription And Protein Synthesis

1. Protein Synthesis

... structure of a cell's proteins. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule involved in protein synthesis, the structure of which is specified by DNA. Protein synthesis consists of two main categories: transcription, which is the process of copying RNA information to DNA, and translation, which is the process of turning RNA information to DNA. Transcription is the process of copying DNA information to RNA. It begins at the ... depart from the ribosome. Finally, the two ribosomal subunits dissociate from the mRNA. These two main processes of protein synthesis, transferring information...

  • Word Count: 512
  • Approx Pages: 2

2. Protein Synthesis - Translation and Transcription

All living organisms must carry out protein synthesis, which has two main processes involved in it. Those two processes are transcription and translation. In the essay, I will go into depth about the process of transcription and its role in RNA. Transcription is assisted by sigma factors that encourage the RNA polymerase to bind to a specific site based on the environment. Polypeptide are enzymes which go on ... to act like the assembly machinery, breaking down and building and combining carbohydrates, lipids and proteins that make up variations of cell material. In ... the nucleus, DNA is t...

  • Word Count: 517
  • Approx Pages: 2
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

3. Free Radical and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

... example, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, cancer, and ageing (Afanas'ev, 2010).The main place of radical synthesis is mitochondria (Mt) the eukaryotic ˜power house' that produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and allows the cells to carry out all of their functions (Figge et al., 2013). However, oxidative damage affects replication and transcription of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and results in a reduction of mt ... al., 2011), which has been shown to be more prone to oxidative effects than nuclear DNA (Hamilton et al., 2001). MtDNA is required for the transcription of oxidative phos...

  • Word Count: 1154
  • Approx Pages: 5
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

4. Structure And Function Of Actin And Myosin In Skeletal Muscle

... cell is enclosed by a cell membrane or plasmalemma; they contain mitochondria for the oxidative metabolism of nutrients; and all the machinery necessary for protein synthesis. Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated and can be as much as two centimeters long. The principal force generating components are actin and myosin molecules. These myofilaments are arranged in interdigitating matrices capable of sliding across each other. To produce force ... in which amino acids should be put together to make the protein "in other words, to indicate which protein will be created. This blueprint...

  • Word Count: 1417
  • Approx Pages: 6
  • Has Bibliography

5. DNA and the Transfer of Information

... helps to make DNA a very stable molecule which is an essential feature for a molecule, which carries and transfers vital information. The fact that the polypeptides are joined together only by hydrogen bonds means that they can easily be broken and the strands can separate for replication and protein synthesis which allows for information to be transferred. DNA is a large molecule therefore it can store large ... that are joined temporarily. Plasmid genes in the donor initiate the formation of protein filaments radiating from the cells surface. On contacting another cell, the filaments ...

  • Word Count: 1977
  • Approx Pages: 8
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

6. Vitamin D and Breast Cancer

... al., 2013). Based on the results of this study, it was determined that biological processes such as cell cycle, protein transport, carbohydrate metabolic processes, apoptosis and cell proliferation were much more expressed in CAFs while immune response, lipid metabolic processes, cell differentiation, and cell adhesion were more expressed in NAFs (Campos et al., 2013). Further analysis confirmed that the addition of 1, ... effectors of survival. It was also observed in NAFs that there was an up regulation of a number of transcription proteins that control immune functions. Some other up...

  • Word Count: 3860
  • Approx Pages: 15
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

7. dna

... Encyclopedia, 1992) DNA does not act directly in the process of protein synthesis because it does not leave the nucleus, so a special ribonucleic acid is used as a messenger (mRNA). The mRNA carries the genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus out to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm during transcription. (Miller, 76) This leads to the topic of replication. When DNA replicates, the ... nucleotides were added to show what happens during replication. For the second part of the lab, models of DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids were used to simulate transcription, translation, and protein...

  • Word Count: 1313
  • Approx Pages: 5
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

8. heredity

... (Miller, 143) The DNA of an organism provides two main functions. The first function is to provide for protein synthesis, allowing growth and development of the organism. The second function is to give all of it's descendants it's own protein-synthesizing information by replicating itself and providing each offspring with a copy. The information within the bases of DNA is called the genetic code. This specifies ... Encyclopedia, 1992) DNA does not act directly in the process of protein synthesis because it does not leave the nucleus, so a special ribonucleic acid is used as a messenger ...

  • Word Count: 931
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Grade Level: High School

9. Human molecular diseases

... many disorders. Deletions can either involve the deletion of the whole gene, as seen in Á-thalassaemia, or partial deletion of the gene. With partial gene deletion some of the encoded protein may still be translated, although often with severely disrupted function. An example of partial gene deletion can be seen with X-linked muscular dystrophies. Small deletions of just a codon, or ... -east Asian descent. The individual forms of thalassaemia are named depending on the actual globin chain which is affected by reduced synthesis. Here -thalassaemia is discussed relating to the -globin ...

  • Word Count: 3615
  • Approx Pages: 14
  • Grade Level: High School

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